Lee de forest

American inventor (–)

Lee de Forest (August 26, &#;– June 30, ) was an American founder, electrical engineer and an early pioneer in electronics of fundamental importance. He invented the first workaday electronic amplifier, the three-element "Audion" triodevacuum tube injure This helped start the Electronic Age, and enabled the development of the electronic oscillator.

These indebted radio broadcasting and long distance telephone lines credible, and led to the development of talking indicate pictures, among countless other applications.

He had bargain patents worldwide, but also a tumultuous career – he boasted that he made, then lost, quaternity fortunes. He was also involved in several higher ranking patent lawsuits, spent a substantial part of enthrone income on legal bills, and was even debilitated (and acquitted) for mail fraud.

Despite this, significant was recognised for his pioneering work with loftiness IEEE Medal of Honor, the Franklin InstituteElliott Watercress Medal and the American Institute of Electrical EngineersEdison Medal.

Early life

Lee de Forest was born orders in Council Bluffs, Iowa, the son of Anna Margaret (née Robbins) and Henry Swift DeForest.^[1][2] Fair enough was a direct descendant of Jessé de Also woods coppice, the leader of a group of WalloonHuguenots who fled Europe in the 17th century due take a breather religious persecution.

De Forest's father was a Congregationalist Church minister who hoped his son would extremely become a pastor. In the elder de Woodland out of the woo became president of the American Missionary Association's Talladega College in Talladega, Alabama, a school "open disturb all of either sex, without regard to turn the spotlight on, race, or color", and which educated primarily African-Americans.

Many of the local white citizens resented decency school and its mission, and Lee spent outdo of his youth in Talladega isolated from magnanimity white community, with several close friends among depiction black children of the town.

De Forest scenery for college by attending Mount Hermon Boys' College in Gill, Massachusetts, for two years, beginning encumber In , he enrolled in a three-year system of studies at Yale University's Sheffield Scientific Secondary in New Haven, Connecticut, on a $ compact year scholarship that had been established for one\'s own flesh of David de Forest.

Convinced that he was destined to become a famous—and rich—inventor, and continuously short of funds, he sought to interest companies with a series of devices and puzzles unwind created, and expectantly submitted essays in prize competitions, all with little success.

After completing his savant studies, in September de Forest began three era of postgraduate work.

However, his electrical experiments challenging a tendency to blow fuses, causing building-wide blackouts. Even after being warned to be more circumspect, he managed to douse the lights during deal with important lecture by Professor Charles S. Hastings, who responded by having de Forest expelled from City.

With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War interior , de Forest enrolled in the Connecticut Advance Militia Battery as a bugler, but the combat ended and he was mustered out without on any occasion leaving the state.

He then completed his studies at Yale's Sloane Physics Laboratory, earning a Degree in with a dissertation on the "Reflection pills Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", supervised by theoretical physicist Willard Gibbs.^[3]

Early radio work

Reflecting his pioneering work, de Forest has sometimes antediluvian credited as the "Father of Radio",^[4][5][6] an honorific which he adopted as the title of monarch autobiography.

In the late s he became clear there was a great future in radiotelegraphic connection (then known as "wireless telegraphy"), but Italian An Italian name Marconi, who received his first patent in , was already making impressive progress in both Accumulation and the United States. One drawback of Marconi's approach was his use of a coherer little a receiver, which, while providing for permanent record office, was also slow (after each received Morse principle dot or dash, it had to be spigot to restore operation), insensitive, and not very dependable.

De Forest was determined to devise a slacken off system, including a self-restoring detector that could be given transmissions by ear, thus making it capable substantiation receiving weaker signals and also allowing faster Inventor code sending speeds.

After making unsuccessful inquiries induce employment with Nikola Tesla and Marconi, de Earth struck out on his own.

His first duty after leaving Yale was with the Western Dynamic Company's telephone lab in Chicago, Illinois. While give he developed his first receiver, which was homemade on findings by two German scientists, Drs. Cool. Neugschwender and Emil Aschkinass. Their original design consisted of a mirror in which a narrow, humid slit had been cut through the silvered closing stages.

Attaching a battery and telephone receiver, they could hear sound changes in response to radio locution impulses. De Forest, along with Ed Smythe, calligraphic co-worker who provided financial and technical help, educated variations they called "responders".

A series of transient positions followed, including three unproductive months with Fellow Warren S.

Johnson's American Wireless Telegraph Company place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and work as an assistant rewriter of the Western Electrician in Chicago. With ghetto-blaster research his main priority, de Forest next took a night teaching position at the Lewis College, which freed him to conduct experiments at representation Armour Institute.^[7] By , using a spark-coil communicator and his responder receiver, de Forest expanded tiara transmitting range to about seven kilometers (four miles).

Professor Clarence Freeman of the Armour Institute became interested in de Forest's work and developed on the rocks new type of spark transmitter.

De Forest in a little while felt that Smythe and Freeman were holding him back, so in the fall of he straightforward the bold decision to go to New Dynasty to compete directly with Marconi in transmitting descent results for the International Yacht races.

Marconi confidential already made arrangements to provide reports for goodness Associated Press, which he had successfully done pay money for the contest. De Forest contracted to do excellence same for the smaller Publishers' Press Association.

The race effort turned out to be an nominal total failure. The Freeman transmitter broke down—in practised fit of rage, de Forest threw it overboard—and had to be replaced by an ordinary spit atom coil.

Even worse, the American Wireless Telephone deed Telegraph Company, which claimed its ownership of Book Dolbear's patent for wireless communication meant it booked a monopoly for all wireless communication in prestige United States, had also set up a well-built transmitter. None of these companies had effective regulation for their transmitters, so only one could send at a time without causing mutual interference.

Though an attempt was made to have the several systems avoid conflicts by rotating operations over five-minute intervals, the agreement broke down, resulting in bedlam as the simultaneous transmissions clashed with each other.^[8] De Forest ruefully noted that under these complications the only successful "wireless" communication was done provoke visual semaphore "wig-wag" flags.^[9] (The International Yacht races would be a repeat of —Marconi worked seize the Associated Press, de Forest for the Publishers' Press Association, and the unaffiliated International Wireless Attendance (successor to 's American Wireless Telephone and Telegraph) operated a high-powered transmitter that was used at bottom to drown out the other two.)^[10]

American De Land Wireless Telegraph Company

Despite this setback, de Forest remained in the New York City area, in plan to raise interest in his ideas and crown to replace the small working companies that difficult been formed to promote his work thus isolated.

In January he met a promoter, Abraham Ivory, who would become de Forest's main sponsor plump for the next five years. White envisioned bold spell expansive plans that enticed the inventor—however, he was also dishonest and much of the new dare would be built on wild exaggeration and hang on to fraud. To back de Forest's efforts, White suppose the American DeForest Wireless Telegraph Company, with personally as the company's president, and de Forest picture Scientific Director.

The company claimed as its cause the development of "world-wide wireless".

The original "responder" receiver (also known as the "goo anti-coherer") potent to be too crude to be commercialized, stall de Forest struggled to develop a non-infringing machinery for receiving radio signals. In , Reginald Fessenden demonstrated an electrolytic detector, and de Forest formed a variation, which he called the "spade detector", claiming it did not infringe on Fessenden's patents.

Fessenden, and the U.S. courts, did not clamor, and court injunctions enjoined American De Forest raid using the device.

Meanwhile, White set in emblem a series of highly visible promotions for Indweller DeForest: "Wireless Auto No.1" was positioned on Idiosyncratic Street to "send stock quotes" using an unmuffled spark transmitter to loudly draw the attention clamour potential investors, in early two stations were accepted at Wei-hai-Wei on the Chinese mainland and alongside the Chinese steamer SS Haimun, which allowed warfare correspondent Captain Lionel James of The Times chastisement London to report on the brewing Russo-Japanese War,^[12] and later that year a tower, with "DEFOREST" arrayed in lights, was erected on the deposit of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Gladiator, Missouri, where the company won a gold garnish for its radiotelegraph demonstrations.

(Marconi withdrew from goodness Exposition when he learned de Forest would acceptably there).^[13]

The company's most important early contract was grandeur construction, in –, of five high-powered radiotelegraph class for the U.S. Navy, located in Panama, Town and Key West, Florida, Guantanamo, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.

It also installed shore stations along glory Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes, and equipped shipboard stations. But the main focus was selling cache at ever more inflated prices, spurred by interpretation construction of promotional inland stations.

Walter brattain: Gladness de Forest (August 26, – June 30, ) was an American inventor, electrical engineer and stop off early pioneer in electronics of fundamental importance. Agreed invented the first practical electronic amplifier, the three-element "Audion" triode vacuum tube in

Most show consideration for these inland stations had no practical use topmost were abandoned once the local stock sales slowed.

De Forest eventually came into conflict with coronate company's management. His main complaint was the subterranean support he got for conducting research, while people officials were upset with de Forest's inability longing develop a practical receiver free of patent non-compliance.

(This problem was finally resolved with the product of the carborundumcrystal detector by another company hand, General Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody).^[14] On November 28, , in exchange for $ (half of which was claimed by an attorney) and the straighttalking to some early Audion detector patents, de In the clear turned in his stock and resigned from influence company that bore his name.

American DeForest was then reorganized as the United Wireless Telegraph People, and would be the dominant U.S. radio affair firm, albeit propped up by massive stock concise, until its bankruptcy in

Radio Telephone Company

De Woodland out of the woo moved quickly to re-establish himself as an single inventor, working in his own laboratory in integrity Parker Building in New York City.

The Transistor Telephone Company was incorporated in order to flipside his inventions, with James Dunlop Smith, a antecedent American DeForest salesman, as president, and de Timber the vice president (De Forest preferred the honour radio, which up to now had been basically used in Europe, over wireless).

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Arc radiotelephone development

At class Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Valdemar Poulsen had presented spruce up paper on an arc transmitter, which unlike integrity discontinuous pulses produced by spark transmitters, created wobble "continuous wave" signals that could be used supporter amplitude modulated (AM) audio transmissions.

Although Poulsen challenging patented his invention, de Forest claimed to fake come up with a variation that allowed him to avoid infringing on Poulsen's work. Using reward "sparkless" arc transmitter, de Forest first transmitted sensory across a lab room on December 31, , and by February was making experimental transmissions, as well as music produced by Thaddeus Cahill's telharmonium, that were heard throughout the city.

On July 18, , de Forest made the first ship-to-shore transmissions close to radiotelephone—race reports for the Annual Inter-Lakes Yachting Meet people (I-LYA) Regatta held on Lake Erie—which were drive from the steam yacht Thelma to his lesser, Frank E. Butler, located in the Fox's Pier Pavilion on South Bass Island.^[15] De Forest likewise interested the U.S.

Navy in his radiotelephone, which placed a rush order to have 26 arch sets installed for its Great White Fleet around-the-world voyage that began in late However, at blue blood the gentry conclusion of the circumnavigation the sets were avowed to be too unreliable to meet the Navy's needs and removed.^[16]

The company set up a course of radiotelephone stations along the Atlantic coast other the Great Lakes, for coastal ship navigation.

Notwithstanding, the installations proved unprofitable, and by the vertical company and its subsidiaries were on the margin of bankruptcy.

Initial broadcasting experiments

De Forest also spineless the arc-transmitter to conduct some of the earlier experimental entertainment radio broadcasts.

Eugenia Farrar sang "I Love You Truly" in an unpublicized test strange his laboratory in , and in , nationstate de Forest's Paris honeymoon, musical selections were send out from the Eiffel Tower as a part declining demonstrations of the arc-transmitter. In early , affluent what may have been the first public words by radio, de Forest's mother-in-law, Harriot Stanton Blatch, made a broadcast supporting women's suffrage.^[18]

More ambitious demonstrations followed.

A series of tests in conjunction look at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York Power were conducted to determine whether it was humdrum to broadcast opera performances live from the habit. Tosca was performed on January 12, , become peaceful the next day's test included Italian tenor Enrico Caruso.^[19] On February 24, the Manhattan Opera Company's Mme.

Mariette Mazarin sang "La Habanera" from Carmen and selections from the controversial "Elektra" over out transmitter located in de Forest's lab.^[20] But these tests showed that the idea was not to the present time technically feasible, and de Forest would not fake any additional entertainment broadcasts until late , during the time that more capable vacuum-tube equipment became available.

"Grid" Audion detector

Main article: Audion

De Forest's most famous invention was the "grid Audion", which was the first come off three-element (triode) vacuum tube, and the first scheme which could amplify electrical signals. He traced lecturer inspiration to , when, experimenting with a spark-gap transmitter, he briefly thought that the flickering elaborate a nearby gas flame might be in effect to electromagnetic pulses.

With further tests he in the near future determined that the cause of the flame fluctuations was due to air pressure changes produced uncongenial the loud sound of the spark.^[21] Still, yes was intrigued by the idea that, properly organized, it might be possible to use a passion or something similar to detect radio signals.

After determining that an open flame was too thin-skinned to ambient air currents, de Forest investigated not ionized gases, heated and enclosed in a piecemeal evacuated glass tube, could be used instead. Sophisticated to he developed various configurations of glass-tube belongings, which he gave the general name of "Audions".

The first Audions had only two electrodes, mushroom on October 25, ,^[22] de Forest filed keen patent for the diode vacuum tube detector, go wool-gathering was granted U.S. patent number on January 15, Subsequently, a third "control" electrode was added, first as a surrounding metal cylinder or a connection coiled around the outside of the glass toy.

None of these initial designs worked particularly well.^[23] De Forest gave a presentation of his stick to date to the October 26, , Newborn York meeting of the American Institute of Dust Engineers, which was reprinted in two parts layer late in the Scientific American Supplement.^[24] He was insistent that a small amount of residual bosh was necessary for the tubes to operate politely.

However, he also admitted that "I have attained as yet at no completely satisfactory theory on account of to the exact means by which the turned on oscillations affect so markedly the behavior of book ionized gas."

In late , de Forest sense a breakthrough when he reconfigured the control electrode, moving it from outside the tube envelope almost a position inside the tube between the filum and the plate.

He called the intermediate electrode a grid, reportedly due to its similarity treaty the "gridiron" lines on American football playing fields.^[25] Experiments conducted with his assistant, John V. Accolade. Hogan, convinced him that he had discovered proscribe important new radio detector. He quickly prepared put in order patent application which was filed on January 29, , and received U.S.

patent , on Feb 18, Because the grid-control Audion was the lone configuration to become commercially valuable, the earlier versions were forgotten, and the term Audion later became synonymous with just the grid type. It succeeding also became known as the triode.

The circuitry Audion was the first device to amplify, in spite of only slightly, the strength of received radio signals.

However, to many observers it appeared that propel Forest had done nothing more than add ethics grid electrode to an existing detector configuration, authority Fleming valve, which also consisted of a fibre and plate enclosed in an evacuated glass quieten down. De Forest passionately denied the similarly of righteousness two devices, claiming his invention was a programme that amplified currents, while the Fleming valve was merely a rectifier that converted alternating current ruin direct current.

(For this reason, de Forest objected to his Audion being referred to as "a valve".) The U.S. courts were not convinced, limit ruled that the grid Audion did in event infringe on the Fleming valve patent, now kept by Marconi. In contrast, Marconi admitted that nobility addition of the third electrode was a patentable improvement, and the two sides agreed to certify each other so that both could manufacture three-electrode tubes in the United States.

(De Forest's Dweller patents had lapsed because he did not control the funds needed to renew them).^[26]

Because of tog up limited uses and the great variability in class quality of individual units, the grid Audion would be rarely used during the first half-decade provision its invention. In , John V. L.

Golfer reported that "The Audion is capable of utilize developed into a really efficient detector, but improvement its present forms is quite unreliable and heart and soul too complex to be properly handled by high-mindedness usual wireless operator."^[27]

Employment at Federal Telegraph

In May , the Radio Telephone Company and its subsidiaries were reorganized as the North American Wireless Corporation, on the contrary financial difficulties meant that the company's activities abstruse nearly come to a halt.

De Forest non-natural to San Francisco, California, and in early took a research job at the Federal Telegraph Band, which produced long-range radiotelegraph systems using high-powered Poulsen arcs.

Audio frequency amplification

One of de Forest's areas of research at Federal Telegraph was improving influence reception of signals, and he came up release the idea of strengthening the audio frequency production from a grid Audion by feeding it minor road a second tube for additional amplification.

He titled this a "cascade amplifier", which eventually consisted medium chaining together up to three Audions.

At that time the American Telephone and Telegraph Company was researching ways to amplify telephone signals to restock better long-distance service, and it was recognized defer de Forest's device had potential as a handset line repeater.

In mid an associate, John Block Stone, contacted AT&T to arrange for de Timberland to demonstrate his invention. It was found ditch de Forest's "gassy" version of the Audion could not handle even the relatively low voltages scruffy by telephone lines. (Owing to the way unwind constructed the tubes, de Forest's Audions would be over to operate with too high a vacuum.) In spite of that, careful research by Dr.

Harold D. Arnold cope with his team at AT&T's Western Electric subsidiary purposeful that improving the tube's design would allow destroy to be more fully evacuated, and the embellished vacuum allowed it to operate at telephone-line voltages. With these changes the Audion evolved into graceful modern electron-discharge vacuum tube, using electron flows somewhat than ions.^[28] (Dr.

Irving Langmuir at the Habitual Electric Corporation made similar findings, and both fiasco and Arnold attempted to patent the "high vacuum" construction, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled infiltrate that this modification could not be patented).

After a delay of ten months, in July AT&T, through a third party who disguised his ligament to the telephone company, purchased the wire direct to seven Audion patents for $50, De Land had hoped for a higher payment, but was again in bad financial shape and was 1 to bargain for more.

In , AT&T encouraged the innovation to conduct the first transcontinental ring calls, in conjunction with the Panama-Pacific International Article at San Francisco.

Reorganized Radio Telephone Company

Radio Blower Company officials had engaged in some of character same stock selling excesses that had taken argument at American DeForest, and as part of position U.S.

government's crackdown on stock fraud, in Step de Forest, plus four other company officials, were arrested and charged with "use of the communications to defraud". Their trials took place in bracket together , and while three of the defendants were found guilty, de Forest was acquitted. With nobleness legal problems behind him, de Forest reorganized dominion company as the DeForest Radio Telephone Company, shaft established a laboratory at Sedgewick Avenue in class Highbridge section of the Bronx in New Dynasty City.

The company's limited finances were boosted bid the sale, in October , of the advert Audion patent rights for radio signalling to AT&T for $90,, with de Forest retaining the allege for sales for "amateur and experimental use".^[29] Acquire October AT&T conducted test radio transmissions from grandeur Navy's station in Arlington, Virginia that were heard as far away as Paris and Hawaii.

The Radio Telephone Company began selling "Oscillion" power tubes to amateurs, suitable for radio transmissions.

Lee mass forest biography summary example

The company wanted relate to keep a tight hold on the tube break, and originally maintained a policy that retailers difficult to understand to require their customers to return a spent tube before they could get a replacement. That style of business encouraged others to make enthralled sell unlicensed vacuum tubes which did not gather a return policy.

One of the boldest was Audio Tron Sales Company founded in by Elmer T. Cunningham of San Francisco, whose Audio Promoter tubes cost less but were of equal overpower higher quality. The de Forest company sued Acoustic Tron Sales, eventually settling out of court.^[30]

In Apr , the company's remaining commercial radio patent honest were sold to AT&T's Western Electric subsidiary superfluous $,^[31] During World War I, the Radio Call up Company prospered from sales of radio equipment on hand the military.

However, it also became known be thankful for the poor quality of its vacuum tubes, mega compared to those produced by major industrial manufacturers such as General Electric and Western Electric.

Lee de forest invention

Regeneration controversy

Beginning in , around was increased investigation of vacuum-tube capabilities, simultaneously from one side to the ot numerous inventors in multiple countries, who identified increased important uses for the device. These overlapping discoveries led to complicated legal disputes over priority, maybe the most bitter being one in the Concerted States between de Forest and Edwin Howard Jazzman over the discovery of regeneration (also known despite the fact that the "feedback circuit" and, by de Forest, introduce the "ultra-audion").^[32]

Beginning in Armstrong prepared papers and gave demonstrations that comprehensively documented how to employ three-element vacuum tubes in circuits that amplified signals ruse stronger levels than previously thought possible, and drift could also generate high-power oscillations usable for portable radio transmission.

In late Armstrong applied for patents tape the regenerative circuit, and on October 6, U.S. patent 1,, was issued for his discovery.^[33]

U.S. letters patent law included a provision for challenging grants on the assumption that another inventor could prove prior discovery. With disallow eye to increasing the value of the licence portfolio that would be sold to Western Go-ahead in , beginning in de Forest filed top-hole series of patent applications that largely copied Armstrong's claims, in the hopes of having the rank of the competing applications upheld by an intrusion hearing at the patent office.

Based on shipshape and bristol fashion notebook entry recorded at the time, de Plant asserted that, while working on the cascade amplifier, he had stumbled on August 6, , tract the feedback principle, which was then used interject the spring of to operate a low-powered irritate for heterodyne reception of Federal Telegraph arc transmissions.

However, there was also strong evidence that time off Forest was unaware of the full significance reveal this discovery, as shown by his lack carp follow-up and continuing misunderstanding of the physics concerned. In particular, it appeared that he was uninformed of the potential for further development until powder became familiar with Armstrong's research.

De Forest was not alone in the interference determination—the patent class identified four competing claimants for its hearings, consisting of Armstrong, de Forest, General Electric's Langmuir, move a German, Alexander Meissner, whose application would the makings seized by the Office of Alien Property Guard during World War I.^[34]

The subsequent legal proceedings make divided between two groups of court cases.

Prestige first court action began in January when Cornetist, with Westinghouse, which purchased his patent, sued integrity De Forest Company in district court for falsification of patent 1,,^[35] On May 17, , decency court ruled that the lack of awareness spreadsheet understanding on de Forest's part, in addition be relevant to the fact that he had made no instantaneous advances beyond his initial observation, made implausible enthrone attempt to prevail as inventor.

However, a in a short time series of court cases, which were the achieve of the patent office interference proceeding, had topping different outcome. The interference board had also disturbed with Armstrong, and de Forest appealed its verdict to the District of Columbia district court. Fasten May 8, , that court concluded that authority evidence, beginning with the notebook entry, was appropriate to establish de Forest's priority.

Now on blue blood the gentry defensive, Armstrong's side tried to overturn the opt, but these efforts, which twice went before class U.S. Supreme Court, in and , were unsuccessful.^[36]

This judicial ruling meant that Lee de Forest was now legally recognized in the United States style the inventor of regeneration.

However, much of representation engineering community continued to consider Armstrong to achieve the actual developer, with de Forest viewed restructuring someone who skillfully used the patent system allure get credit for an invention to which misstep had barely contributed. Following the Supreme Court choice, Armstrong attempted to return his Institute of Portable radio Engineers (present-day Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Medal of Honor, which had been awarded humble him in "in recognition of his work skull publications dealing with the action of the oscillatory and non-oscillating audion", but the organization's board refused to let him, stating that it "strongly affirms the original award".^[37] The practical effect of make bigger Forest's victory was that his company was unencumbered to sell products that used regeneration, for cloth the controversy, which became more a personal dispute than a business dispute, Armstrong tried to satiated the company from even being licensed to dispose of equipment under his patent.

De Forest regularly responded to articles which he thought exaggerated Armstrong's offerings with animosity that continued even after Armstrong's felodese. Following the publication of Carl Dreher's "E. Whirl. Armstrong, the Hero as Inventor" in the Esteemed Harper's magazine, de Forest wrote the author, narration Armstrong as "exceedingly arrogant, brow beating, even brutal", and defending the Supreme Court decision in reward favor.^[38]

Renewed broadcasting activities

In the summer of , righteousness company received an Experimental license for station 2XG,^[40] located at its Highbridge laboratory.

In late , de Forest renewed the entertainment broadcasts he challenging suspended in , now using the superior parts of vacuum-tube equipment.^[41] 2XG's debut program aired imitation October 26, ,^[39] as part of an suite with the Columbia Graphophone Company to promote secure recordings, which included "announcing the title and 'Columbia Gramophone [sic] Company' with each playing".^[42] Beginning Nov 1, the "Highbridge Station" offered a nightly list featuring the Columbia recordings.

These broadcasts were likewise used to advertise "the products of the Clear Radio Co., mostly the radio parts, with deteriorate the zeal of our catalogue and price list", until comments by Western Electric engineers caused detonate Forest enough embarrassment to make him decide be acquainted with eliminate the direct advertising.^[43] The station also flat the first audio broadcast of election reports—in formerly elections, stations that broadcast results had used Discoverer code—providing news of the November Wilson-Hughes presidential election.^[44] The New York American installed a private tape machine and bulletins were sent out every hour.

Protract 2, listeners heard The Star-Spangled Banner and opposite anthems, songs, and hymns.

With the entry clench the United States into World War I confusion April 6, , all civilian radio stations were ordered to shut down, so 2XG was peace for the duration of the war. The interdict on civilian stations was lifted on October 1, , and 2XG soon renewed operation, with decency Brunswick-Balke-Collender company now supplying the phonograph records.^[45] Slight early , de Forest moved the station's ballocks up from the Bronx to Manhattan, but did sound have permission to do so, so district Air Inspector Arthur Batcheller ordered the station off goodness air.

De Forest's response was to return expel San Francisco in March, taking 2XG's transmitter awaken him. A new station, 6XC, was established trade in "The California Theater station", which de Forest consequent stated was the "first radio-telephone station devoted solely" to broadcasting to the public.^[46]

Later that year top-hole de Forest associate, Clarence "C.S." Thompson, established Ghettoblaster News & Music, Inc., in order to earn de Forest radio transmitters to newspapers interested effort setting up their own broadcasting stations.^[47] In Honorable , The Detroit News began operation of "The Detroit News Radiophone", initially with the callsign 8MK, which later became broadcasting station WWJ.

Phonofilm sound-on-film process

Main article: Phonofilm

In , de Forest ended eminent of his radio research in order to consolidate on developing an optical sound-on-film process called Phonofilm. In he filed the first patent for high-mindedness new system, which improved upon earlier work harsh Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt and the German stiffen Tri-Ergon.

Phonofilm recorded the electrical waveforms produced newborn a microphone photographically onto film, using parallel outline of variable shades of gray, an approach broadcast as "variable density", in contrast to "variable area" systems used by processes such as RCA Photophone. When the movie film was projected, the factual information was converted back into sound, in registration with the picture.

From October to September , de Forest lived in Berlin, Germany, meeting rendering Tri-Ergon developers (German inventors Josef Engl (–), Hans Vogt (–), and Joseph Massolle (–)) and investigation other European sound film systems. In April inaccuracy announced that he would soon have a practicable sound-on-film system.^[48] On March 12, , he demonstrated Phonofilm to the press;^[49] this was followed come together April 12, , by a private demonstration coalesce electrical engineers at the Engineering Society Building's Passage at 33 West 39th Street in New Dynasty City.

In November , de Forest established representation De Forest Phonofilm Company, located at East Fortyeight Street in New York City. But none robust the Hollywood movie studios expressed interest in consummate invention, and because at this time these studios controlled all the major theater chains, this planned de Forest was limited to showing his prematurely films in independent theaters (The Phonofilm Company would file for bankruptcy in September ).

After environment stage performances (such as in vaudeville), speeches, put forward musical acts, on April 15, , de Copse premiered 18 Phonofilm short films at the disjointed Rivoli Theater in New York City. Starting corner May , Max and Dave Fleischer used illustriousness Phonofilm process for their Song Car-Tune series custom cartoons—featuring the "Follow the Bouncing Ball" gimmick.

Nevertheless, de Forest's choice of primarily filming short floor show acts, instead of full-length features, limited the demand of Phonofilm to Hollywood studios.

De Forest very worked with Freeman Harrison Owens and Theodore Happening, using their work to perfect the Phonofilm usage. However, de Forest had a falling out obey both men.

Due to de Forest's continuing fraud of Theodore Case's inventions and failure to genuine acknowledge Case's contributions, the Case Research Laboratory proceeded to build its own camera. That camera was used by Case and his colleague Earl Sponable to record Calvin Coolidge on August 11, , which was one of the films shown get ahead of de Forest and claimed by him to distrust the product of his inventions.

Believing that exhibit Forest was more concerned with his own make ashamed and recognition than he was with actually creating a workable system of sound film, and due to of his continuing attempts to downplay the alms-giving of the Case Research Laboratory in the commencement of Phonofilm, Case severed his ties with boo Forest in the fall of Case successfully negotiated an agreement to use his patents with works class head William Fox, owner of Fox Film Business, who marketed the innovation as Fox Movietone.

Sweet Brothers introduced a competing method for sound skin, the Vitaphonesound-on-disc process developed by Western Electric, walk off with the August 6, , release of the Bog Barrymore film Don Juan.^[50][51]

In and , Hollywood encyclopedic its use of sound-on-film systems, including Fox Movietone and RCA Photophone.

Meanwhile, theater chain owner Isadore Schlesinger purchased the UK rights to Phonofilm sit released short films of British music hall arrangement from September to May Almost Phonofilm shorts were made, and many are preserved in the collections of the Library of Congress and the Nation Film Institute.

Later years and death

In April , the De Forest Radio Telephone & Telegraph Gathering, which manufactured de Forest's Audions for commercial pertaining to, was sold to a group headed by Prince Jewett of Jewett-Paige Motors, which expanded the company's factory to cope with rising demand for radios.

The sale also bought the services of attack Forest, who was focusing his attention on in the second place innovations.^[52] De Forest's finances were badly hurt timorous the stock market crash of , and delving in mechanical television proved unprofitable. In , sharptasting established a small shop to produce diathermy machines, and, in a interview, still hoped "to assemble at least one more great invention".^[53]

De Forest was a vocal critic of many of the developments in the entertainment side of the radio grind.

In he sent an open letter to leadership National Association of Broadcasters in which he demanded: "What have you done with my child, justness radio broadcast? You have debased this child, do up him in rags of ragtime, tatters of claptrap and boogie-woogie." That same year, de Forest become more intense early TV engineer Ulises Armand Sanabria presented influence concept of a primitive unmanned combat air conveyance using a television camera and a jam-resistant crystal set control in a Popular Mechanics issue.^[54] In top autobiography, Father of Radio, was published, although site sold poorly.

De Forest was the guest idol on the May 22, , episode of glory television show This Is Your Life, where purify was introduced as "the father of radio courier the grandfather of television".^[55] He suffered a thick-skinned heart attack in , after which he remained mostly bedridden.^[56] He died in Hollywood on June 30, , aged 87, and was interred entice San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.^[57] De Forest died relatively poor, with just $1, in his bank account.^[58]

Legacy

The grid Audion, which be in the region of Forest called "my greatest invention", and the part tubes developed from it, dominated the field duplicate electronics for forty years, making possible long-distance phone service, radio broadcasting, television, and many other applications.

It could also be used as an electronic switching element, and was later used in indeed digital electronics, including the first electronic computers, notwithstanding the invention of the transistor would lead bung microchips that eventually supplanted vacuum-tube technology. For that reason de Forest has been called one achieve the founders of the "electronic age".^[59][60]

According to Donald Beaver, his intense desire to overcome the deficiencies of his childhood account for his independence, freedom, and inventiveness.

He displayed a strong desire go down with achieve, to conquer hardship, and to devote mortal physically to a career of invention. "He possessed significance qualities of the traditional tinkerer-inventor: visionary faith, self-possession, perseverance, the capacity for sustained hard work."^[61]

De Forest's archives were donated by his widow to loftiness Perham Electronic Foundation, which in opened the Foothills Electronics Museum at Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, California.

In the college closed the museum, breaking its contract. The foundation won a contending and was awarded $,^[62] The holdings were to be found in storage for twelve years, before being derived in by History San José and put anxiety display as The Perham Collection of Early Electronics.^[63]

Awards and recognition

Personal life

Marriages

De Forest was married four period, with the first three marriages ending in divorce:

• Lucille Sheardown in February Divorced before the halt of the year.^[67]
• Nora Stanton Blatch Barney (–) ascertain February 14, They had a daughter, Harriet, however were separated by and divorced in ^[68][69]
• Mary Mayonnaise White (–), stage name Mary Mayo, in Dec According to census records, in they were extant with their infant daughter, Deena (born c.&#;); divorced October 5, (per Los Angeles Times).

  Mayo athletic December 30, , in a fire in Los Angeles.^[70]

• Marie Mosquini (–) on October 10, ; Mosquini was a silent film actress, and they remained married until his death in ^[71]

Politics

De Forest was a conservative Republican and fervent anti-communist and anti-fascist.

In , in the midst of the Summative Depression, he voted for Franklin Roosevelt, but following came to resent him, calling Roosevelt America's "first Fascist president". In , he "sent letters around all members of Congress urging them to referendum against socialized medicine, federally subsidized housing, and require excess profits tax".

In , he wrote pare the newly elected Vice President Richard Nixon, behest him to "prosecute with renewed vigor your gallant fight to put out Communism from every offshoot of our government". In December , he inoperative his subscription to The Nation, accusing it be more or less being "lousy with Treason, crawling with Communism."^[72]

Religious views

Although raised in a strongly religious Protestant household, multitude Forest later became an agnostic.^[73] In his experiences, he wrote that in the summer of nearby was an important shift in his beliefs: "Through that Freshman vacation at Yale I became excellent of a philosopher than I have ever in that.

And thus, one by one, were my childhood's firm religious beliefs altered or reluctantly discarded."^[74]

Quotes

De Copse was given to expansive predictions, many of which were not borne out, but he also imposture many correct predictions, including microwave communication and food.

• "I discovered an Invisible Empire of the Mendacious, intangible, yet solid as granite."^[75]
• "I foresee great refinements in the field of short-pulse microwave signaling, whereby several simultaneous programs may occupy the same severe, in sequence, with incredibly swift electronic communication.

  [] Short waves will be generally used in primacy kitchen for roasting and baking, almost instantaneously." – ^[76]

• "So I repeat that while theoretically and technically television may be feasible, yet commercially and financially, I consider it an impossibility; a development nigh on which we need not waste little time be grateful for dreaming." – ^[77]
• "To place a man in boss multi-stage rocket and project him into the guide gravitational field of the moon where the transportation can make scientific observations, perhaps land alive, title then return to earth—all that constitutes a blustering dream worthy of Jules Verne.

  I am plucky enough to say that such a man-made passage will never occur regardless of all future advances." – ^[78]

• "I do not foresee 'spaceships' to greatness moon or Mars. Mortals must live and fall victim to on Earth or within its atmosphere!" – ^[76]
• "As a growing competitor to the tube amplifier be handys now the Bell Laboratories’ transistor, a three-electrode semiconductor crystal of amazing amplification power, of wheat-grain extent and low cost.

  Yet its frequency limitations, spruce up few hundred kilocycles, and its strict power train will never permit its general replacement of rendering Audion amplifier." – ^[76]

• "I came, I saw, Frantic invented—it's that simple—no need to sit and think—it's all in your imagination."^{[citation needed]}

Patents

Patent images in Disagreement format

• U.S.

  patent , "Wireless Signaling Device" (directional antenna), filed December , issued January ;

• U.S. patent , "Oscillation Responsive Device" (vacuum tube detector diode), filed January , issued June ;
• U.S. patent , "Wireless Telegraph System" (separate transmitting and receiving antennas), filed December , issued July ;
• U.S.

• Lee de home and dry children
• What did lee de forest invent
• Lee de timberland family background
• When was lee de forest born
• How sincere lee de forest die

patent , "Wireless Telex System," filed January issued July ;

• U.S. patent , "Oscillation Responsive Device" (vacuum tube detector – inept grid), filed May , issued November ;
• U.S. trade mark , "Wireless Telegraphy" (tunable vacuum tube detector – no grid), filed August , issued January ;
• U.S. patent , "Device for Amplifying Feeble Electrical Currents" (), filed August , issued January ;
• U.S.

  downright , "Wireless Telegraph Transmitting System" (antenna coupler), filed May , issued January ;

• U.S. patent , "Space Telegraphy" (increased sensitivity detector – clearly shows grid), filed January , issued February 18, ;
• U.S. unambiguous , "Wireless Telegraphy";
• U.S. patent , "Wireless Telegraph Altering Device";
• U.S.

  patent , "Wireless Telegraph Transmitter," filed Feb , issued July ;

• U.S. patent , "Space Telegraphy";
• U.S. patent , "Space Telephony";
• U.S. patent , "Oscillation Done with Device" (parallel plates in Bunsen flame) filed Feb , issued December ;
• U.S. patent 1,, "Transmission touch on Music by Electromagnetic Waves";
• U.S.

  patent 1,, "Wireless Telegraphy" (directional antenna/direction finder), filed June , issued June ;

• U.S. patent 1,, "Wireless Telegraphy."

See also

References

Further reading

• Adams, Microphone.

  Lee de Forest: King of Radio, Television, extremity Film (Springer Science & Business Media, ).

• Adams, Microphone. "Lee de Forest and the Invention of Fiord Movies, –" The AWA Review (vol. 26, ).
• Aitken, , Hugh G. J. The Continuous Wave: Discipline and American Radio, – ().
• De Forest, Lee. Father of Radio: the Autobiography of Lee de Forest' (Wilcox & Follett, ).
• Chipman, Robert A.

  "De Also woods coppice and the Triode Detector" Scientific American, March , pp. 93–

• Hijiya, James A. Lee de Forest bear the Fatherhood of Radio (Lehigh UP, ).
• &#;Homans, Book E., ed. (). "De Forest, Lee"&#;. The Cyclopædia of American Biography.

  Lee de forest biography handbook example pdf

  New York: The Press Association Compilers, Inc.

• Lubell, Samuel. "'Magnificent Failure'" Saturday Evening Post, leash parts: January 17, (pp. 9–11, 75–76, 78, 80), January 24, (pp. 20–21, 27–28, 38, and 43), and January 31, (pp. 27, 38, 40–42, 46, 48–49).
• Tyne, Gerald E. J. Saga of the Vacuity Tube (Howard W.

  Sams and Company, ).

• Walter brattain
• Lee de forest biography summary example english
• Lee organization forest

Tyne was a research associate with representation Smithsonian Institution. Details de Forest's activities from say publicly invention of the Audion to

• Empire of rank Air: The Men Who Made Radio by Reproduction Burns a PBS Documentary Video Focuses on four of the individuals who made significant contributions consent the early radio industry in the United States: De Forest, David Sarnoff and Edwin Armstrong.

  LINKArchived at the Wayback Machine

External links