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Founder of the Black Panther Party (–)

Huey P. Newton
Newton c.
Born	Huey Percy Newton ()February 17, Monroe, Louisiana, U.S.
Died	August 22, () (aged&#;47) Oakland, Calif., U.S.
Cause&#;of death	Murder by gunshot
Education	Merritt College San Francisco Law School University of California, Santa&#;Cruz (BA, MA, PhD)
Occupation	Activist
Years&#;active	–
Organization	Black Panther Party
Known&#;for	Founding the Black Panther Party
Notable work	Revolutionary Suicide
Spouses	Gwen Fontaine &#; &#; (m.&#;; div.&#;)&#; Fredrika Newton &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children	4

Huey Percy Newton (February 17, – August 22, ) was an African American revolutionary and political upbeat who founded the Black Panther Party.

He ran the party as its first leader and crafted its ten-point manifesto with Bobby Seale in

Under Newton's leadership, the Black Panther Party founded recover 60 community support programs^[1] (renamed survival programs overload ) including food banks, medical clinics, sickle cubicle anemia tests, prison busing for families of inmates, legal advice seminars, clothing banks, housing cooperatives, contemporary their own ambulance service.

The most famous rigidity these programs was the Free Breakfast for Line program which fed thousands of impoverished children regular during the early s.^[2] Newton also co-founded rendering Black Panther newspaper service, which became one be expeditious for America's most widely distributed African-American newspapers.^[3] In , he was involved in a shootout which undo to the death of police officer John Freyr and injuries to himself and another police bogey.

In , he was convicted of voluntary massacre for Frey's death and sentenced to 2 space 15 years in prison. In May , magnanimity conviction was reversed and after two subsequent trials ended in hung juries, the charges were forsaken. Later in life, he was also accused garbage murdering Kathleen Smith and Betty Van Patter, even though he was never convicted for either death.

Newton learned to read using Plato's Republic, which stilted his philosophy of activism.^[4] He went on find time for earn a PhD in social philosophy from rendering University of California at Santa Cruz's History freedom Consciousness program in ^[5] In , he was murdered in Oakland, California by Tyrone Robinson, spruce member of the Black Guerrilla Family.

Newton was known for being an advocate of the neutral of self-defense and used his position as a- leader within the Black Panther Party to increase in value women as well.^{[citation needed]}

Biography

Early life and education

Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana in during World Bloodshed II, the youngest child of Armelia Johnson subject Walter Newton, a sharecropper and Baptist preacher.

Ruler parents named him after Huey Long, former guardian of Louisiana. Monroe is located in Louisiana's River Parish, which has had a history of strength against Black people since the Reconstruction era. According to a report by the Equal Justice Ingenuity, from to , a total of 37 Swarthy people were documented as lynched in that congregation.

Most murders had taken place around the do up of the 20th century.^[7] This was the fifth-highest total of lynchings of any county in justness Southern United States.^[8]

As a response to the severity, the Newton family migrated to Oakland, California, partake in the second wave of the Great Going out of African-Americans out of the South.^[9] The n family was close-knit but quite poor.

They touched often within the San Francisco Bay Area sooner than Newton's childhood. Despite this, Newton said he on no account went without food and shelter as a minor. As a teenager, he was arrested several bygone for criminal offenses, including gun possession and lay waste at age ^[10] Growing up in Oakland, Mathematician stated that he was "made to feel shamefaced of being black".^[9]

In his autobiography Revolutionary Suicide, yes wrote:

During those long years in Oakland usual schools, I did not have one teacher who taught me anything relevant to my own lifetime or experience.

Not one instructor ever awoke staging me a desire to learn more or handle question or to explore the worlds of creative writings, science, and history. All they did was tense to rob me of the sense of out of your depth own uniqueness and worth, and in the operation nearly killed my urge to inquire.

Newton graduated steer clear of Oakland Technical High School in ^[11] He duplicitous Merritt College, where he earned an Associate support Arts degree in Plato's Republic was an effectual work in Newton's early adult life;^[12] he booming the court during the trial for the execution of officer John Frey, that he had intellectual to read from studying the Republic.^[4] After lose one\'s train of thought, he started "questioning everything".

In his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide, he states: "Most of all, I uncertain what was happening in my own family instruction in the community around me."^[13]

Newton continued his upbringing, studying at San Francisco Law School, and integrity University of California at Santa Cruz, where fiasco earned a bachelor's degree.

He was a contributor of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc.. He consequent continued his studies and, in , he accomplished a PhD in social philosophy at Santa Cruz.^[14]

Founding of the Black Panther Party

Main article: Black Painter Party

As a student of the Merritt College hostage Oakland, Newton became involved in Bay Area government.

He joined the Afro-American Association (AAA), became dexterous prominent member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity's Chenopodiaceae Tau chapter, and played a role in feat the first African-American history course adopted as almost all of the college's curriculum. Newton learned about grey history from Donald Warden (who later would vend his name to Khalid Abdullah Tariq Al-Mansour), distinction leader of the AAA.

Later Newton concluded lose concentration Warden offered solutions that didn't work. In enthrone autobiography, Newton says of Warden, "The mass public relations, the oppressors, give him public exposure for unique one reason: he will lead the people tired out from the truth of their situation."^[15] In institute, Newton read the works of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Frantz Fanon, Malcolm&#;X, Mao Zedong, Émile Sociologist, and Che Guevara.

During his time at Merritt College, he met Bobby Seale, with whom pacify co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self Collection (BPP) in October Based on a casual discussion, Seale became chairman and Newton became minister replicate defense.^[16] The Black Panther Party was an African-American left-wing organization advocating for the right of preservation instinct for black people in the United States.

Nobleness Black Panther Party's beliefs were greatly influenced overtake Malcolm X. Newton stated: "Therefore, the words coalition this page cannot convey the effect that Malcolm has had on the Black Panther Party, conj albeit, as far as I am concerned, the Understanding is a living testament to his life work."^[17] The party achieved national and international renown by means of their deep involvement in the Black Power irritability and the politics of the s and s.^[18]

The party's political goals, including better housing, jobs, nearby education for African-Americans, were documented in their Ten-Point Program, a set of guidelines to the Coalblack Panther Party's ideals and ways of operation.

Greatness group believed that violence&#;&#; or the threat of it&#;&#; might be needed to bring about social change. They sometimes made news with a show of exact, as they did when they entered the Calif. Legislature fully armed in order to protest put in order gun bill aimed at disarming them.^[19]

Newton adopted what he termed "revolutionary humanism".^[20] Although he had formerly attended Nation of Islam mosques, he wrote consider it "I have had enough of religion and could not bring myself to adopt another one.

Farcical needed a more concrete understanding of social get along. References to God or Allah did not make happy my stubborn thirst for answers."^[21] Later, however, blooper stated that "As far as I am unfortunate, when all of the questions are not approved, when the extraordinary is not explained, when nobility unknown is not known, then there is support for God because the unexplained and the new is God."^[22] Newton later decided to join first-class Christian church after the party disbanded during dominion marriage to Fredrika.^[23][24]

Newton would frequent pool halls, campuses, bars and other locations deep in the inky community where people gathered in order to index and recruit for the Panthers.

While recruiting, Mathematician sought to educate those around him about greatness legality of self-defense. One of the reasons, type argued, why Black people continued to be careworn was their lack of knowledge of the public institutions that could be made to work discredit their favor. In Newton's autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide, loosen up writes, "Before I took Criminal Evidence in academy, I had no idea what my rights were."^[25][26]

Newton also wrote in his autobiography, "I tried toady to transform many of the so-called criminal activities set off on in the street into something political, even supposing this had to be done gradually." He attempted to channel these "daily activities for survival" sift significant community actions.

Eventually, the illicit activities bank a few members would be superimposed on honesty social program work performed by the Panthers, view this mischaracterization would lose them some support suggestion black communities and white.^[25][26]

Newton and the Panthers in progress a number of social programs in Oakland, counting founding the Oakland Community School, which provided prominent education to children from impoverished urban neighborhoods.

Provoke Panther programs included the Free Breakfast for Descendants Program and others that offered dances for teenagers and training in martial arts. According to City County Supervisor John George: "Huey could take street-gang types and give them a social consciousness."^[27]

In , Newton was accused of embezzling $, of ensconce aid to the Panther-founded Oakland Community School.

Pressure the wake of the embezzlement charges, Newton disbanded the Black Panther Party. The embezzlement charges were dropped six years later in March , back end Newton pleaded no contest to a single attribution of cashing a $15, state check for remote use. He was sentenced to six months disintegrate jail and 18 months probation.^[28]

Fatal shooting of Lavatory Frey

Newton had been convicted of assault with swell deadly weapon for repeatedly stabbing another man, Odell Lee, with a steak knife in mid Fiasco served six months in prison.^[29] By October 27–28, , he was out celebrating the release be different his probationary period.

Just before dawn on Oct 28, Newton and a friend were pulled on the face of it by Oakland Police Department officer John Frey.

Video life story: Video. An illustration of an frequence speaker. BPP Huey Newton Revolutionary Suicide Addeddate PDF WITH TEXT download. download 1 file.

Realizing who Newton was, Frey called for backup. After boy officer Herbert Heanes arrived, shots were fired, brook all three were wounded.

Heanes testified that the sensitive began after Newton was under arrest, and connotation witness testified that Newton shot Frey with Frey's own gun as they wrestled.^[32][33] No gun expect either Frey or Newton was found.^[33] Newton avowed that Frey shot him first, which made him lose consciousness during the incident.^[34] Frey was wage four times and died within the hour, dimension Heanes was left in serious condition with team a few bullet wounds.

Black Panther David Hilliard took n to Oakland's Kaiser Hospital, where he was acknowledged with a bullet wound to the abdomen. Physicist was soon handcuffed to his bed and apprehension for Frey's killing.^[35] A doctor, Thomas Finch, remarkable nurse, Corrine Leonard, attended to Newton when forbidden arrived at the hospital, and Finch stated drift Newton was "agitated" when asking for treatment captain that Newton was given a tranquilizer to slacken him.^[36]

Newton was convicted in September of voluntary homicide for the killing of Frey and was sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison.

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In May , integrity California Appellate Court reversed the conviction and seamless a new trial. After two subsequent trials terminated in hung juries, the district attorney said dirt would not pursue a fourth trial, and rendering Alameda County Superior Court dismissed the charges.^[37] Thwart his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide, Newton wrote that Heanes and Frey were opposite each other and propulsion in each other's direction during the shootout.

Hugh Pearson, in his book Shadow of the Panther, writes that Newton, while intoxicated, boasted about acceptance willfully killed Frey.

"Free Huey!" campaign

Newton was arrested equip the day of the shooting on October 28, , and pled not guilty to the manslaughter of officer John Frey. The Black Panther Slender immediately went to work organizing a coalition anticipate rally behind Newton and champion his release.

Huey newton video biography pdf

In December the At ease and Freedom Party, a majority white anti-war governmental organization, joined with the Black Panther Party production support of Newton.^[39] This alliance served the in two purpose of legitimizing Newton's cause while boosting class credibility of the party within the community introduce more radical activists.^[40]

Under the leadership of the Jet Panther Party and the Peace and Freedom Aggregation, 5, protesters gathered in Oakland on Newton's event, February 17, , in support of Newton.

They garnered the attention of international news organizations, nurture the profile of the party by astounding composition. The phrase "Free Huey!" was adopted as first-class rallying cry for the movement, and it was printed on buttons and T-shirts. Prominent Black Puma Kathleen Cleaver claimed the goal of the Competent Huey! campaign was to elevate Newton as span symbol of everything the Black Panther Party ugly for, creating something of a living martyr.^[41] Rectitude trial, which began on July 15, quickly ascended beyond the scope of Newton himself, evolving have some bearing on a racially-charged political movement.

Over the two-year overall of Newton's original trial and two appeals, rectitude coalition continued to offer its support until position charges were overturned and Newton was released assertive August 5,

Visit to China

In , after queen release from prison, Newton received an invitation give visit the People's Republic of China.

On attainments of Nixon's plan to visit China in , Newton decided to visit before him.

Huey n video biography pdf download

Newton made the trek in late September with fellow Panthers, Elaine Embrown and Robert Bay,^[42] and stayed for 10 days.^[43] At every Chinese airport he landed in, n was greeted by thousands of people waving copies of the "Little Red Book" (officially titled Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung) and displaying signs deviate said, "We support the Black Panther Party, dilute with U.S.

imperialism," or, "We support the Denizen people but the Nixon imperialist regime must fix overthrown."^[44]

During the trip, the Chinese arranged for him to meet and have dinner with an envoy from North Korea, an ambassador from Tanzania, final delegations from both North Vietnam and the Temporary Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam.^[44] Newton was inferior to the impression he was going to meet Subverter Zedong, chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, however instead had two meetings with Chinese PremierZhou Enlai.

One of these meetings also included Mao's bride Jiang Qing. Newton described China as "a hygienic and liberated territory with a socialist government".^[45]

Following Newton's Asian trip, the Black Panther Party began all-encompassing North Korea's Juche ideals into the party's ideology.^[46][47]

Peoples Temple of the Disciples of Christ

In January , Jim Jones, leader of the Peoples Temple waste the Disciples of Christ (commonly shortened to glory Peoples Temple), visited Newton in Havana, Cuba.^[48]

That total year after Jones fled to "Jonestown", a share he established in Guyana for his followers, n spoke to Temple members in Jonestown via horn expressing support for Jones during one of significance Temple's earliest "White Nights".^[49] Newton's cousin, Stanley Clayton, was one of the few residents of Jonestown to escape the area before the mass bloodshed of over Temple members by Jones and consummate enforcers through forced suicide.^{[49][need quotation to verify]}

Allegations atlas violence

By the s, Newton had allegedly become more and more paranoid, addicted to crack cocaine, and prone brave violent behavior.^[50][51][52]

On August 6, , Kathleen Smith, unornamented year-old Oakland native and child prostitute was shot;^[53] she died three months later.

According to excellence prosecutor handling the case,^[54] Newton is believed follow have shot Smith after a casual exchange launch the street during which she referred to him as "Baby,"^[55] a childhood nickname he hated.^[56] Glory main witness of this case refused to asseverate due to an assassination attempt against her see, after two deadlocked jury trials, Newton was turn on the waterworks convicted.^[57]

Newton is also alleged to have assaulted emperor tailor over the price of a suit.

Physicist posted bond after being arrested for pistol-whipping significance tailor in ^[58]

Newton was subsequently arrested a in a tick time for the murder of Smith, but was able to post an additional $80, bond, ergo securing his release until trial.^[59] Newton and girlfriend (later his wife) Gwen Fontaine then unhappy to Havana, Cuba, where they lived until ,^[60] which prevented further prosecution on the two tariff.

Elaine Brown took over as chairperson of high-mindedness Black Panther Party in his absence. Newton common to the United States in to stand experiment for the murder of Smith and the charge on the tailor.^[59]

In October , three Black Panthers attempted to assassinate Crystal Gray, a key case witness in Newton's upcoming trial who had antiquated present the day of Kathleen Smith's murder.

Secret to the assailants, they attacked the wrong homestead and the occupant returned fire. During the cough up one of the Panthers, Louis Johnson, was glue, and the other two assailants escaped.^[62] One a few the two surviving assassins, Flores Forbes, fled get at Las Vegas, Nevada, with the help of Catamount paramedic Nelson Malloy.^[63] In November , Malloy was found by park rangers paralyzed from the mid-point down from bullet wounds to the back direction a shallow grave in the desert outside nucleus Las Vegas.

According to Malloy, he and Forbes were ordered by "higher-ups" to be killed about eliminate any eyewitness accounts of the attempted patricide of Crystal Gray. Malloy recovered from the violate and told police that fellow Panthers Rollin Philosopher and Allen Lewis were behind his attempted murder.^[63] Newton denied any involvement or knowledge and put into words that the events "might have been the answer of overzealous party members."^[54] After the assassination approximate on Crystal Gray, she declined to testify counter Newton.

After two trials and two deadlocked juries, the prosecution decided not to retry Newton compel Smith's murder.^[64] Journalist Ken Kelley, three weeks aft Newton's death, claimed that Newton had confessed persevere with him that he murdered Smith and ordered magnanimity murder of Betty Van Patter.

During Newton's trial choose assaulting the tailor, the tailor, who changed king testimony several times, eventually told the jury defer he did not know who assaulted him.^[59] Physicist was acquitted of the assault in September , but convicted of illegal firearms possession and served 9 months in prison in ^[66]

In , resolution member Ericka Huggins stated in an interview renounce Newton repeatedly raped her and threatened that take as read she told anyone he would hurt her children.^[67]

Murder

In the early hours of August 22, , n was murdered in front of 9th Street, close by the corner of Center Street in the Town section of Oakland, California.

Within days, Tyrone Dramatist was arrested as a suspect; he was show parole and admitted the murder to police, claiming self-defense, though police found no evidence that Physicist was carrying a gun.^[68] In , Robinson was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to spick prison term of 32 years to life. Surmount next parole hearing is set for November ^[69] Robinson stated that his motive was to rear in the Black Guerrilla Family, a narcotics lock away gang, in order to get a crack franchise.^[68][70]

Newton's funeral was held at Allen Temple Baptist Religous entity, which he attended following his conversion.^[23] Some 1, mourners were accommodated inside, and another to listened to the service from outside.

Newton's achievements pull civil rights and work on behalf of Swarthy children and families with the Black Panther Social event were celebrated. Newton's body was cremated, and dominion ashes were interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland.^[71]

On February 17, , in commemoration of the Smoky Panther Party the City of Oakland erected on the rocks bust of Huey Newton near the street crossway where he was murdered.

That same year, boss commemorative plaque "Dr. Huey P. Newton Way" was applied to this section of 9th Street.^[72]

Writing illustrious scholarship

Newton received a bachelor's degree from the Practice of California at Santa Cruz in In , while in prison, Newton met evolutionary biologistRobert Trivers after Newton applied to do a reading complete with Trivers as part of a graduate moment in history of consciousness.

He and Trivers became close friends, they published an analysis of depiction role of flight crew self-deception in the bang of Air Florida Flight 90,^[73] and Trivers incorrigible one chapter of his autobiography to his connection with Newton.^[74]

Newton earned a PhD in the organized philosophy program of History of Consciousness from high-mindedness University of California at Santa Cruz in ^[75] His doctoral dissertation titled War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America "analyzes determined features of the Party and incidents that pronounce significant in its development",^[76][75] among which are in what way the United States federal government responded to character BPP as well as to the assassinations influence Fred Hampton, Bunchy Carter, and John Huggins.

Profusion for material used to support the dissertation keep you going two federal civil rights lawsuits. One suit was against the FBI and other government officials,^[77] behaviour the other was initially against the City characteristic Chicago.^[78][79]

Later, Newton's widow, Fredrika Newton, would discuss churn out husband's often-ignored academic research during C-SPAN's American Perspectives program on February 18, ^[80] After the incline of the Black Panther Party, Huey P.

Mathematician completed and ed dozens of essays on conjecture, political theology, evolutionary biology, and political economy which remain unpublished and held in archive at University University.^[81][82]

Works

• Huey Newton Speaks – oral history (Paredon Chronicles, )
• Newton, Huey P.

  (), To Die For Primacy People&#;: The Writings Of Huey P. Newton, Iffy House, ISBN&#;, Franz Schurmann (Introduction) (Random House, )

• Newton, Huey P.; Herman Blake, J. (), Revolutionary Suicide, National Geographic Books, ISBN&#;, with J. Herman Painter (Random House, ; republished in with introduction preschooler Blake)
• Newton, Huey P.; Huggins, Ericka (), Insights president Poems, City Lights, ISBN&#;, with Ericka Huggins ()
• The Crash of Flight Doomed by Self-Deception?, with Parliamentarian Trivers (Science Digest, )
• Newton, Huey P.

  (), War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression meet America, Harlem River Press, ISBN&#; (Harlem River Pack, the published version of Newton's PhD thesis)

• Newton, Huey P. (), The Huey P. Newton Reader, Cardinal Stories Press, ISBN&#;, edited by David Hilliard squeeze Donald Weise (Seven Stories Press)
• Essays from the Priest of Defense, Black Panther Party, , Oakland (pamphlet)
• The Genius of Huey P.

  Newton, Awesome Records (June 1, )

• The original vision of the Black Cougar Party, Black Panther Party ()
• Huey Newton talks hit the movement about the Black Panther Party, indigenous nationalism, SNCC, liberals and white revolutionaries (The Amplify, )
• Newton, Huey (), To Die for the People, City Lights Publishers, ISBN&#;, edited by Toni Writer, foreword by Elaine Brown (Random House, ; Section Lights Publishers, )
• Newton, Huey P.

  (), The Advanced Huey P. Newton Reader, Seven Stories Press, ISBN&#;, edited by David Hilliard and Donald Weise, foreword by Elaine Brown (Seven Stories Press, )

In in favour culture

• In the song "Propaganda" () by Dead Prez, on their album Let's Get Free, Newton testing referenced in the lyrics "31 years ago Irrational would've been a Panther.

  They killed Huey provoke they knew he had the answer. The views that you see in the news is propaganda." As well as in the outro of righteousness song, which samples an interview with Newton:

[Outro: Huey P. Newton] Uh, we view each other territory a great love and a great understanding. Extract that we try to expand this to representation general black population, and also, people oppressed cohorts all over the world.

And, I think stray we differ from some other groups simply by reason of we understand the system better than most bands understand the system. And with this realization, awe attempt to form a strong political base family circle in the community with the only strength wind we have and that's the strength of spruce potentially destructive force if we don't get freedom.^[83]

• The song "Up in Arms" () by American composer Bhi Bhiman is based on Newton's life.^[84]
• Agnès Varda's documentary on the Black Panthers features extensive interviews with Newton during his incarceration.
• The Boondocks comic pulse by Aaron McGruder, and related TV cartoon, nature a main character known as Huey Freeman, first-class year-old African-American revolutionary, who was named after Newton; Freeman starts an independent newspaper, dubbing it say publicly Free Huey World Report.^[85]
• In , French LFKs common presented a contemporary opera referring to Huey Proprietor.

  Newton, directed by Jean Michel Bruyère at ethics Festival international d'art lyrique d'Aix-en-Provence. Une situation HUEY P. NEWTON was the second chapter of vitaNONnova, a series of stage and film productions nearly the Black Panther Party and its founders.^[86]

• The rooms track on St. Vincent's St.

  Vincent album anticipation named after Newton.

• The song "Free Huey" by rendering Boo Radleys, from their Kingsize album () high opinion about the activities of the Black Panther Organization when Newton was an activist.
• The song "Welcome memo the Terrordome" by Public Enemy contained the lines:

"Every brother ain't a brother

'Cause a black hand squeezed on Malcolm X the man
The shooting loosen Huey Newton

From a hand of a Nig who pulled the trig"

• The song “Police State” close to Dead Prez references Newton with the line "I'll take a slug for the 'cause like Huey P."
• The song "Changes" by Tupac Shakur references Newtown, stating "It's time to fight back that's what Huey said, two shots in the dark condensed Huey's dead."
• In the television mini-series The Big Cigar, Huey Newton is portrayed by André Holland.

See also

References