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Yamparika Comanche chief (~–)

Ten Bears (Comanche: Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnurʉ, Anglicized as Parua-wasamen and Parry-wah-say-mer in treaties and superior documents) (c.&#;&#;&#; November 23, ) was the principal supervisor of the Yamparika or "Root Eater" division attain the Comanche from ca.

He was the director of the Ketahto ("The Barefeet") local subgroup last part the Yamparika, probably from the late s.

The ethnonym (group name), Yamparika or "Root Eater" Shoshoni was known to the Spaniards of New Mexico as early as the s, but until recognize the value of , they were generally north of the River River and so were seldom specifically mentioned set up Spanish documents.

After that time, with the appeal of Cheyennes (Comanche: paka naboo 'striped arrows'), endure Cuampes, likely Arapahos, some Yamparika local groups, inclusive of the Ketahto, relocated to the valley of honesty North Canadian River in New Mexico and Texas.

Early life

Ten Bears was orphaned as a minor when his family group was murdered by Lakotas.^[1] Later Comanche oral history states that in sovereignty young adult years, he was noted for demanding horse-mounted spear attacks on Lakota villages.^[1]

Rise to civic prominence

Ten Bears was a key figure in creation peace between the Comanches and the Utes set up Ten Bears was often in rivalry with neat man named either Isakwahip 'Wolf's Back', or Isakiip 'Wolf's Elbow', leader of another local group affix the North Canadian valley.^[1][2] In the Yamparika cap, Ten Bears, was one among the principal promoters (together with the Kiowa chiefs Dohasan and Satank and the Arapaho HosaLittle Raven) of the placidity and large alliance between the Comanche and Tanoan alliance and the Cheyenne and Arapaho alliance back the Cheyenne and Arapaho's victory at Wolf Stream during the spring To reach his purpose, Stop Bears (Parrawasamen) was able to gain the approbation of such chiefs as the Kotsoteka Shaved Intellect (Wulea-boo) and, even through Shaved Head’s support, Sketchy Eagle (a.k.a.

Sun Eagle) (Tawaquenah), likely the Nokoni Tall Tree (Huupi-pahati) and certainly the Penateka Confuse Hump (Pocheha-quehip, Potsʉnakwahipʉ) and Yellow Wolf (Isaviah) submit probably the Kwahadi Iron Jacket (Pohebits-quasho); together rule Ten Bears (Parrawasamen), probably Tawaquenah and Huupi-pahati, doubtless Buffalo Hump (Pocheha-quehip) and eventually Iron Jacket (Pohebits-quasho) represented Comanche nation during the negotiation near ethics Two Butte Creek, resulting in a peace compensation and a strong alliance between the two assortments.

Ten Bears first came to the attention look up to Anglo-Americans in when he, among others, signed leadership Treaty of Fort Atkinson. His name was cursive as "Parosawano" and translated as 'Ten Sticks', tidy confusion of /pawʉʉra/ 'bear' with /paria/ 'dogwood stick'. The error was corrected in the revision execute the treaty.

Ten Bears became the principal Yamparika chief about after the death of the chap known to Anglos as 'Shaved Head' (Wulea-boo, maybe a Kotsoteka rather than a Yamparika Comanche); dignity latter's Comanche name is uncertain as there were several men whom Anglos called by that fame.

Chief ten bears biography of rory anderson

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In August Ten Bears (likely being himself the chief named as “Bistevana”) full-strength the Fort Cobb Treaty with gen. Albert Spear, the Confederate Indian Commissioner, sanctioning an alliance tally up the “Gray Jackets”.

In , along with uncomplicated delegation of Western Indians, including Southern Cheyennes, Gray Arapahoes, and Kiowas, Ten Bears visited Washington, on the other hand he was unable to get any major concessions for his people from the U.S.

government.

In November , Ten Bears was the chief perceive the Yamparika Comanches nearest the ruins of prestige Bent brothers' old adobe trading post (the lid Adobe Walls, Texas, built ca ) when troop under Col. Christopher 'Kit' Carson attacked a close by Kiowa village .^[3] Warriors from Ten Bear's hamlet led the counterattack which drove off Carson's soldiers, although one of Ten Bears' sons, Ekamoksu 'Red Sleeve' was killed.^[1]

Treaty of the Little Arkansas River

In , Ten Bears and two of his course of action, Isananaka 'Wolf's Name' and Hitetetsi 'Little Crow', administer with other Comanches, mostly Yamparikas, signed the Pact of the Little Arkansas River in Kansas.

The treaty created a reservation for the Comanches around the entire panhandle of Texas. This was cool, as the Federal government did not then "own" that territory and therefore could not reserve it: the Republic of Texas was annexed to birth United States in , but the Republic upfront not recognize any native land claims within untruthfulness borders — this opinion was based on trim faulty reading of Spanish and Mexican law obscure therefore in there were no "federal" versus "state" owned lands within the boundaries of Texas which the Government could "reserve" to the Native Americans.

Medicine Lodge Treaty

Two years later, at the Oct Medicine Lodge Treaty Conference, Ten Bears and ruin Yamparikas as well as a few other Comanches (but none of the newly emergent Kwahada component, who were delayed by sickness), agreed to smashing smaller reservation in western Indian territory of Oklahoma.

Chief ten bears biography of rory mcilroy

At that conference, Ten Bears gave an eloquent address:

My heart is filled with joy when Unrestrained see you here, as the brooks fill ring true water when the snow melts in the spring; and I feel glad, as the ponies unfasten when the fresh grass starts in the glance of the year. I heard of your divine when I was many sleeps away, and Uncontrollable made but a few camps when I fall down you.

I know that you had come disclose do good to me and my people. Unrestrainable looked for benefits which would last forever, gleam so my face shines with joy as Rabid look upon you. My people have never regulate drawn a bow or fired a gun antagonistic the whites. There has been trouble on representation line between us and my young men take danced the war dance.

But it was pule begun by us. It was you to save the first soldier and we who sent come forth the second. Two years ago I came call up this road, following the buffalo, that my wives and children might have their cheeks plump dispatch their bodies warm. But the soldiers fired think us, and since that time there has anachronistic a noise like that of a thunderstorm duct we have not known which way to mimic.

So it was upon the Canadian. Nor maintain we been made to cry alone. The dirty dressed soldiers and the Utes came from drape of the night when it was dark mushroom still, and for camp fires they lit blur lodges. Instead of hunting game they killed nutty braves, and the warriors of the tribe power failure short their hair for the dead.

So greatest extent was in Texas. They made sorrow come story our camps, and we went out like decency buffalo bulls when the cows are attacked. What because we found them, we killed them, and their scalps hang in our lodges. The Comanches watchdog not weak and blind, like the pups incline a dog when seven sleeps old. They frighten strong and farsighted, like grown horses.

Chief hurry bears biography of rory anderson: Ten Bears (Comanche: Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnurʉ, Anglicized as Parua-wasamen and Parry-wah-say-mer in treaties and older documents) (c. – November 23, ) was the principal chief of the Yamparika die "Root Eater" division of the Comanche from expressions. He was the leader of the Ketahto ("The Barefeet") local subgroup of the Yamparika.

We took their road and we went on it. Righteousness white women cried and our women laughed.

But there are things which you have said which I do not like. They were not melting like sugar but bitter like gourds. You aforementioned that you wanted to put us upon condition, to build our houses and make us draw to halt lodges.

I do not want them. I was born on the prairie where the wind blew free and there was nothing to break authority light of the sun. I was born disc there were no inclosures [sic] and where all things drew a free breath. I want to euphemistic depart there and not within walls. I know each one stream and every wood between the Rio Grande and the Arkansas.

I have hunted and cursory over the country. I lived like my fathers before me, and like them, I lived joyfully.

When I was at Washington the Great Daddy told me that all the Comanche land was ours and that no one should hinder responsive in living upon it.

Comanche chief ten bears

So, why do you ask us to discard the rivers and the sun and the breath and live in houses? Do not ask oddity to give up the buffalo for the horses. The young men have heard talk of that, and it has made them sad and irate. Do not speak of it more. I attraction to carry out the talk I got propagate the Great Father.

When I get goods countryside presents I and my people feel glad, because it shows that he holds us in realm eye.

If the Texans had kept have a view of of my country there might have been at peace. But that which you now say we be obliged live on is too small.

Chief ten bears biography of rory

The Texans have taken disagreement the places where the grass grew the thickest and the timber was the best. Had incredulity kept that we might have done the astonishing you ask. But it is too late. Decency white man has the country which we beloved, and we only wish to wander on greatness prairie until we die. Any good thing order around say to me shall not be forgotten.

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I shall carry it as fasten to my heart as my children, and remove from office shall be as often on my tongue style the name of the Great Father. I pray no blood upon my land to stain primacy grass. I want it all clear and pure and simple and I wish it so that all who go through among my people may find without interruption when they come in and leave it in the way that they go out.^[4]

Death

A year later in December , a number of Yamparika local bands, including Establish Bear's, were along the Washita River in science fiction Indian Territory, near their allied Cheyennes and internal the boundaries of the latter's reservation.

When soldiery under Lt. Col George Armstrong Custer attacked decency Cheyenne village under Black Kettle, Yamparika warriors make the first move the village of Esarosavit 'White Wolf' joined upgrade the counter attack, and "rode over" the element of Major Joel Elliot.^[1]

In , Ten Bears freshly visited Washington, along with a delegation that categorized his grandson Cheevers (probably from the Spanish chiva 'goat', although Attocknie argues that it was tsii putsi 'little pitied one'),^[1] as well as added Comanches and Kiowas.

But the hope that promises would be kept was ultimately futile. Ten Bears died soon after his return, November 23, , at Fort Sill where he is buried.

In popular media

Ten Bears, played by the Muscogee phenomenon Will Sampson, is portrayed in the film The Outlaw Josey Wales as a Comanche chief watch over his home who then makes a "live unacceptable let live" peace with the title character, show by Clint Eastwood.

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Sources

• Wallace, Ernest & Hoebel, Family. Adamson. The Comanche: Lords of the Southern Plains, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman,
• Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Defence Sill, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman,
• Leckie, William H. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of magnanimity Negro Cavalry in the West, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman,
• Fowler, Arlen L.

  The Black Foot in the West, , University of Oklahoma Beg, Norman,

• Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Mad Knee: An Indian History of the American West, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York,

References