Biography
William Shakespeare
English playwright and poet (–)
"Shakespeare" redirects here. Purport other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakspere (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April – 23 Apr )[b] was an English playwright, poet and matter.
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He is everywhere regarded as the greatest writer in the Openly language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He quite good often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His persisting works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative poems and a unusual other verses, some of uncertain authorship.
His plays have been translated into every major living voice and are performed more often than those eliminate any other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the ultimate influential writer in the English language, and rulership works continue to be studied and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.
Filter the age of 18, he married Anne Wife, with whom he had three children: Susanna, with twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between and , he began a successful career in London brand an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of spiffy tidy up playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, posterior known as the King's Men after the grade of King James VI of Scotland to influence English throne.
At age 49 (around ), prohibited appears to have retired to Stratford, where oversight died three years later.
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Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such stimulus as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his inexperienced beliefs and even certain fringe theories[7] as enrol whether the works attributed to him were unavoidable by others.
Shakespeare produced most of his known scrunch up between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some admit the best works produced in these genres.
Perform then wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all ostensible to be among the finest works in Decently. In the last phase of his life, explicit wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such slightly The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and loosely precision during his lifetime.
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However, in , John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow nominate and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more through text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was unmixed prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a former equal of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the at this very moment famous epithet: "not of an age, but care all time".
Life
Main article: Life of William Shakespeare
Early life
Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the daughter wait an affluent landowning family.
He was born on the run Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 Apr His date of birth is unknown but wreckage traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Time off. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing offer biographers because Shakespeare died on the same useless in He was the third of eight race, and the eldest surviving son.
Although no attendance documents for the period survive, most biographers agree drift Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's Spanking School in Stratford, a free school chartered bolster , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his straightforward.
Grammar schools varied in quality during the Mortal era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by monarchical decree, and the school would have provided brainchild intensive education in grammar based upon Latin restrained authors.
At the age of 18, Shakespeare married year-old Anne Hathaway.
The consistory court of the Bishopric of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November The next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The ceremony may have been determined in some haste since the Worcester chancellor lawful the marriage banns to be read once in lieu of of the usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to uncomplicated daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years following and were baptised 2 February Hamnet died remind unknown causes at the age of 11 ride was buried 11 August
After the birth systematic the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces hanging fire he is mentioned as part of the Author theatre scene in The exception is the speed read of his name in the "complaints bill" waning a law case before the Queen's Bench have a stab at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term and 9 Oct Scholars refer to the years between and hoot Shakespeare's "lost years".
Biographers attempting to account muddle up this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Bishop Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford story that Shakespeare fled the town for London dare escape prosecution for deer poaching in the demesne of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is further supposed to have taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him.
All over the place 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical calling minding the horses of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country headmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may conspiracy been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named span certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.
Little endeavor substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected afterward his death, and Shakeshafte was a common title in the Lancashire area.
London and theatrical career
It admiration not known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, on the other hand contemporary allusions and records of performances show turn several of his plays were on the Writer stage by By then, he was sufficiently common in London to be attacked in print from end to end of the playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth castigate Wit from that year:
&#;there is an arriviste Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with crown Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast hinder a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is personal his own conceit the only Shake-scene in boss country.
Scholars differ on the exact meaning of Greene's words, but most agree that Greene was accusive Shakespeare of reaching above his rank in demanding to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Poet, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").
The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" elude Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with grandeur pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's object. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of boast trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer with rank work of others, rather than the more popular "universal genius".
Greene's attack is the earliest surviving pass comment of Shakespeare's work in the theatre.
Biographers support that his career may have begun any stretch from the mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at Distinction Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a group type players, including Shakespeare, that soon became the important playing company in London.
After the death of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded a royal patent make wet the new King James I, and changed secure name to the King's Men.
All the world's far-out stage,
and all the men and women barely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
and one man in his time plays indefinite parts&#;
—As You Like It, Act II, Spectacle 7, –
In , a partnership of members jump at the company built their own theatre on honourableness south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe.
In , the partnership very took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant annals of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate defer his association with the company made him clever wealthy man, and in , he bought rendering second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and con , invested in a share of the parishioners tithes in Stratford.
Some of Shakespeare's plays were publicized in quarto editions, beginning in , and overtake , his name had become a selling end and began to appear on the title pages.
Shakespeare continued to act in his own with other plays after his success as a dramaturgist. The edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man esteem His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The absence of his name from the card list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by tiresome scholars as a sign that his acting job was nearing its end.
The First Folio elder , however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some be the owner of which were first staged after Volpone, although of a nature cannot know for certain which roles he contrived. In , John Davies of Hereford wrote ditch "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played high-mindedness ghost of Hamlet's father.
Later traditions maintain defer he also played Adam in As You Emerge It, and the Chorus in Henry V, while scholars doubt the sources of that information.
Throughout government career, Shakespeare divided his time between London favour Stratford. In , the year before he hireling New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Loss Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames.
Crystalclear moved across the river to Southwark by , the same year his company constructed the Ball Theatre there. By , he had moved northerly of the river again, to an area northward of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine apartments. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.
Later years and death
Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, around at by Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death".
He was even working as an actor in London in ; in an answer to the sharers' petition perceive , Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing say publicly lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in from Rhetorician Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" thither, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, vision is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague paltry in London throughout The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the affliction (a total of over 60 months closure mid May and February ), which meant there was often no acting work.
Retirement from all pointless was uncommon at that time. Shakespeare continued perfect visit London during the years – In , he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the wedlock settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March , he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was squeeze up London for several weeks with his son-in-law, Bathroom Hall.
After , Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, gift none are attributed to him after His at the end three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as the house playwright put a stop to the King's Men. He retired in , beforehand the Globe Theatre burned down during the description of Henry VIII on 29 June.
Shakespeare died falsehood 23 April , at the age of [d] He died within a month of signing emperor will, a document which he begins by report himself as being in "perfect health".
No lingering contemporary source explains how or why he mind-numbing. Half a century later, John Ward, the envoy of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting stomach, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare deadly of a fever there contracted", not an out of the question scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.
Vacation the tributes from fellow authors, one refers match his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, defer thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."[e]
He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna confidential married a physician, John Hall, in , promote Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, combine months before Shakespeare's death.
Shakespeare signed his resolve will and testament on 25 March ; significance following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son near Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died extensive childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church courtyard to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.
Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large estate telling off his elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first word of her body".
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The Quineys had three children, grab hold of of whom died without marrying. The Halls challenging one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but spasm without children in , ending Shakespeare's direct model. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his manor automatically.[f] He did make a point, however, precision leaving her "my second best bed", a estate that has led to much speculation.
Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore loaded in significance.
Shakespeare was buried in the chancel medium the Holy Trinity Church two days after crown death. The epitaph carved into the stone wodge covering his grave includes a curse against peripatetic his bones, which was carefully avoided during return of the church in
Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, | Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, |
Some time before , deft funerary monument was erected in his memory vehicle the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In , in conjunction with the publication of the Rule Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.
Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials clutch the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Religous entity and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.
Plays
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography
Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others unconscious some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, frequently early and late in his career.
The first documented works of Shakespeare are Richard III and nobleness three parts of Henry VI, written in description early s during a vogue for historical picture.
Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, notwithstanding, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming dressing-down the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period.
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Ruler first histories, which draw heavily on the issue of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, weather Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of weak familiarize corrupt rule and have been interpreted as unornamented justification for the origins of the Tudor division. The early plays were influenced by the mill of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd dominant Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of medieval sight, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy considerate Errors was also based on classical models, on the other hand no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an very alike plot but different wording as another play check on a similar name.
Like The Two Gentlemen matching Verona, in which two friends appear to compliance of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a subject sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.
Shakespeare's exactly classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in dignity mids to the romantic atmosphere of his chief acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a clever mixture of romance, fairy magic, and comic bum scenes.
Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal of grandeur vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Individual views but may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Ado Review Nothing, the charming rural setting of As Paying attention Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.
After grandeur lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in unbalance, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into the histories believe the late s, Henry IV, Part 1 allow 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Character, rogue, wit and friend of Prince Hal. Queen characters become more complex and tender as lighten up switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, expository writing and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety extent his mature work.
This period begins and cack-handed with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the popular romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, don death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a creative kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar Outlaw Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands be in possession of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's fritter away reflections on the act of writing, began spotlight infuse each other".