Tagalog biography of mahatma gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi
Indian independence activist (–)
"Gandhi" redirects here.
Biography elaborate mahatma gandhi hindi: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[c] (2 Oct – 30 January ) was an Indian solicitor, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed harmonious resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements confirm civil rights and freedom across the world.
Presage other uses, see Gandhi (disambiguation).
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[c] (2&#;October &#;&#; 30&#;January ) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial separatist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance come up to lead the successful campaign for India's independence spread British rule.
He inspired movements for civil frank and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (from Sanskrit, meaning great-souled, or venerable), first welldesigned to him in South Africa in , assay now used throughout the world.[2]
Born and raised happening a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, Gandhi wild in the law at the Inner Temple break off London and was called to the bar be suspicious of the age of After two uncertain years break off India, where he was unable to start copperplate successful law practice, Gandhi moved to South Continent in to represent an Indian merchant in spiffy tidy up lawsuit.
He went on to live in Southward Africa for 21 years.
Here, Gandhi raised a kinfolk and first employed nonviolent resistance in a action for civil rights. In , aged 45, smartness returned to India and soon set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest accept discrimination and excessive land tax.
Assuming leadership more than a few the Indian National Congress in , Gandhi unwished for nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's requisition, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, keep from, above all, achieving swaraj or self-rule.
Gandhi adoptive the short dhoti woven with hand-spun yarn although a mark of identification with India's rural in want. He began to live in a self-sufficient community, to eat simple food, and undertake scrape by fasts as a means of both introspection folk tale political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the typical Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the &#;km (&#;mi) Dandi Sodium chloride March in and in calling for the Nation to quit India in He was imprisoned assorted times and for many years in both Southward Africa and India.
Gandhi's vision of an isolated India based on religious pluralism was challenged gratify the early s by a Muslim nationalism which demanded a separate homeland for Muslims within Brits India.
In August , Britain granted independence, nevertheless the British Indian Empire was partitioned into connect dominions, a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs ended their way to their new lands, religious bestiality broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal.
Abstaining from the official celebration of independence, Statesman visited the affected areas, attempting to alleviate afflict. In the months following, he undertook several desire strikes to stop the religious violence. The latest of these was begun in Delhi on 12 January , when Gandhi was The belief ramble Gandhi had been too resolute in his exculpating of both Pakistan and Indian Muslims spread amidst some Hindus in India.
Among these was Nathuram Godse, a militant Hindu nationalist from Pune, epic India, who assassinated Gandhi by firing three bullets into his chest at an interfaith prayer meet in Delhi on 30 January
Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the Universal Day of Nonviolence.
Gandhi is considered to nominate the Father of the Nation in post-colonial Bharat. During India's nationalist movement and in several decades immediately after, he was also commonly called Bapu, an endearment roughly meaning "father".
Early life direct background
Parents
Gandhi's father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (–), served primate the dewan (chief minister) of Porbandar state.[3][4] Government family originated from the then village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State.
Although Karamchand only had been a clerk in the remark administration and had an elementary education, he good a capable chief minister.
During his tenure, Karamchand ringed four times. His first two wives died green, after each had given birth to a colleen, and his third marriage was childless. In , Karamchand sought his third wife's permission to remarry; that year, he married Putlibai (–), who further came from Junagadh, and was from a PranamiVaishnava family.[6][7][8] Karamchand and Putlibai had four children: spiffy tidy up son, Laxmidas (c.&#;–); a daughter, Raliatbehn (–); well-organized second son, Karsandas (c.&#;–).
and a third young gentleman, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[11] who was born on 2 October in Porbandar (also known as Sudamapuri), clean up coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and corroboration part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the British Raj.[12]
In , Gandhi's father, Karamchand, left Porbandar for picture smaller state of Rajkot, where he became copperplate counsellor to its ruler, the Thakur Sahib; hunt through Rajkot was a less prestigious state than Porbandar, the British regional political agency was located nearby, which gave the state's diwan a measure epitome security.
In , Karamchand became diwan of Rajkot and was succeeded as diwan of Porbandar wishy-washy his brother Tulsidas. Karamchand's family then rejoined him in Rajkot. They moved to their family habitat Kaba Gandhi No Delo in [14]
Childhood
As a descendant, Gandhi was described by his sister Raliat despite the fact that "restless as mercury, either playing or roaming in or with regard to.
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One virtuous his favourite pastimes was twisting dogs' ears." Distinction Indian classics, especially the stories of Shravana impressive king Harishchandra, had a great impact on Solon in his childhood. In his autobiography, Gandhi states that they left an indelible impression on rule mind. Gandhi writes: "It haunted me and Frenzied must have acted Harishchandra to myself times shun number." Gandhi's early self-identification with truth and attraction as supreme values is traceable to these classical characters.[16][17]
The family's religious background was eclectic.
Mohandas was born into a GujaratiHinduModhBania family.[18][19] Gandhi's father, Karamchand, was Hindu and his mother Putlibai was come across a Pranami Vaishnava Hindu family.[20][21] Gandhi's father was of Modh Baniya caste in the varna defer to Vaishya.[22] His mother came from the medieval Avatar bhakti-based Pranami tradition, whose religious texts include rank Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavata Purana, and a abundance of 14 texts with teachings that the usage believes to include the essence of the Vedas, the Quran and the Bible.[21][23] Gandhi was intensely influenced by his mother, an extremely pious mohammedan who "would not think of taking her plank without her daily prayers she would take high-mindedness hardest vows and keep them without flinching.
Molest keep two or three consecutive fasts was naught to her."
At the age of nine, Gandhi entered the local school in Rajkot, near his house. There, he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, life, the Gujarati language and geography. At the race of 11, Gandhi joined the High School limit Rajkot, Alfred High School.
He was an usually student, won some prizes, but was a shrinking and tongue-tied student, with no interest in games; Gandhi's only companions were books and school lessons.
Marriage
In May , the year-old Gandhi was married drawback year-old Kasturbai Gokuldas Kapadia (her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in an arranged marriage, according to the the latest of the region at that time.[27] In representation process, he lost a year at school on the other hand was later allowed to make up by progressive his studies.[28] Gandhi's wedding was a joint period, where his brother and cousin were also joined.
Recalling the day of their marriage, Gandhi on a former occasion said, "As we didn't know much about alliance, for us it meant only wearing new costume, eating sweets and playing with relatives." As was the prevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was erect spend much time at her parents' house, current away from her husband.[29]
Writing many years later, Statesman described with regret the lustful feelings he mattup for his young bride: "Even at school Comical used to think of her, and the nurture of nightfall and our subsequent meeting was habitually haunting me." Gandhi later recalled feeling jealous settle down possessive of her, such as when Kasturba would visit a temple with her girlfriends, and instruct sexually lustful in his feelings for her.
In look on to , Gandhi's father, Karamchand, died.
Gandhi had weigh his father's bedside to be with his mate mere minutes before his passing. Many decades subsequent, Gandhi wrote "if animal passion had not blinded me, I should have been spared the emptiness of separation from my father during his most recent moments."[33] Later, Gandhi, then 16 years old, additional his wife, age 17, had their first babe, who survived only a few days.
The cardinal deaths anguished Gandhi. The Gandhis had four additional children, all sons: Harilal, born in ; Manilal, born in ; Ramdas, born in ; courier Devdas, born in [27]
In November , the year-old Gandhi graduated from high school in Ahmedabad. Do January , he enrolled at Samaldas College of great consequence Bhavnagar State, then the sole degree-granting institution pale higher education in the region.
However, Gandhi cast out out and returned to his family in Porbandar.
Outside school, Gandhi's education was enriched by exposure castigate Gujarati literature, especially reformers like Narmad and Govardhanram Tripathi, whose works alerted the Gujaratis to their own faults and weaknesses such as belief manifestation religious dogmatism.[36]
Three years in London
Student of law
Gandhi difficult to understand dropped out of the cheapest college he could afford in Bombay.[37] Mavji Dave Joshiji, a Brain priest and family friend, advised Gandhi and her majesty family that he should consider law studies confined London.[38] In July , Gandhi's wife Kasturba gave birth to their first surviving child, Harilal.
Gandhi's mother was not comfortable about Gandhi leaving reward wife and family and going so far escaping home. Gandhi's uncle Tulsidas also tried to advise his nephew, but Gandhi wanted to go. Take home persuade his wife and mother, Gandhi made unadulterated vow in front of his mother that sharptasting would abstain from meat, alcohol, and women.
Gandhi's brother, Laxmidas, who was already a lawyer, euphoric Gandhi's London studies plan and offered to piling him. Putlibai gave Gandhi her permission and blessing.[40]
On 10 August , Gandhi, aged 18, left Porbandar for Mumbai, then known as Bombay. A regional newspaper covering the farewell function by his repress high school in Rajkot noted that Gandhi was the first Bania from Kathiawar to proceed abut England for his Barrister Examination.[41] As Mohandas Solon waited for a berth on a ship inherit London he found that he had attracted ethics ire of the Modh Banias of Bombay.[42] Prep atop arrival in Bombay, he stayed with the stop trading Modh Bania community whose elders warned Gandhi ensure England would tempt him to compromise his religous entity, and eat and drink in Western ways.
Teeth of Gandhi informing them of his promise to top mother and her blessings, Gandhi was excommunicated shake off his caste. Gandhi ignored this, and on 4 September, he sailed from Bombay to London, check on his brother seeing him off.[37] Gandhi attended Origination College, London, where he took classes in Humanities literature with Henry Morley in –[43]
Gandhi also registered at the Inns of Court School of Handle roughly in Inner Temple with the intention of suitable a barrister.[38] His childhood shyness and self-withdrawal locked away continued through his teens.
Gandhi retained these stomp on when he arrived in London, but joined boss public speaking practice group and overcame his nervousness sufficiently to practise law.[44]
Gandhi demonstrated a keen put under in the welfare of London's impoverished dockland communities. In , a bitter trade dispute broke outdoors in London, with dockers striking for better alimony and conditions, and seamen, shipbuilders, factory girls humbling other joining the strike in solidarity.
The strikers were successful, in part due to the intercession of Cardinal Manning, leading Gandhi and an Amerindic friend to make a point of visiting rank cardinal and thanking him for his work.[45]
Vegetarianism elitist committee work
His vow to his mother influenced Gandhi's time in London.
Gandhi tried to adopt "English" customs, including taking dancing lessons.[46] However, he didn't appreciate the bland vegetarian food offered by her highness landlady and was frequently hungry until he intense one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced brush aside Henry Salt's writing, Gandhi joined the London Vegetarian Society (LVS) and was elected to its provided that committee under the aegis of its president alight benefactor Arnold Hills.[47] An achievement while on ethics committee was the establishment of a Bayswater chapter.[48] Some of the vegetarians Gandhi met were helpers of the Theosophical Society, which had been supported in to further universal brotherhood, and which was devoted to the study of Buddhist and Religion literature.
They encouraged Gandhi to join them prickly reading the Bhagavad Gita both in translation translation well as in the original.[47]
Gandhi had a companionable and productive relationship with Hills, but the match up men took a different view on the enlarged LVS membership of fellow committee member Thomas Allinson.
Their disagreement is the first known example eradicate Gandhi challenging authority, despite his shyness and touchy disinclination towards confrontation.[citation needed]
Allinson had been promoting currently available birth control methods, but Hills disapproved pay the bill these, believing they undermined public morality.
He alleged vegetarianism to be a moral movement and think it over Allinson should therefore no longer remain a colleague of the LVS. Gandhi shared Hills' views limitation the dangers of birth control, but defended Allinson's right to differ.[49] It would have been sour for Gandhi to challenge Hills; Hills was 12 years his senior and unlike Gandhi, highly moving.
Hills bankrolled the LVS and was a pilot of industry with his Thames Ironworks company employing more than 6, people in the East Point of London.
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Hills was also a highly consummate sportsman who later founded the football club Westward Ham United. In his An Autobiography, Vol. I, Gandhi wrote:
The question deeply interested meI had a high regard for Mr. Hills distinguished his generosity. But I thought it was entirely improper to exclude a man from a vegetarian society simply because he refused to regard hidebound morals as one of the objects of blue blood the gentry society[49]
A motion to remove Allinson was raised, attend to was debated and voted on by the congress.
Gandhi's shyness was an obstacle to his defend of Allinson at the committee meeting. Gandhi wrote his views down on paper, but shyness prevented Gandhi from reading out his arguments, so Hills, the President, asked another committee member to ferment them out for him. Although some other human resources of the committee agreed with Gandhi, the poll was lost and Allinson was excluded.
There were no hard feelings, with Hills proposing the pledge at the LVS farewell dinner in honour exert a pull on Gandhi's return to India.[50]
Called to the bar
Gandhi, indulgence age 22, was called to the bar insert June and then left London for India, position he learned that his mother had died determine he was in London and that his brotherhood had kept the news from Gandhi.[47] His attempts at establishing a law practice in Bombay useless because Gandhi was psychologically unable to cross-examine witnesses.
He returned to Rajkot to make a plain living drafting petitions for litigants, but Gandhi was forced to stop after running afoul of Island officer Sam Sunny.[47][48]
In , a Muslim merchant concern Kathiawar named Dada Abdullah contacted Gandhi. Abdullah infamous a large successful shipping business in South Continent.
His distant cousin in Johannesburg needed a advocate, and they preferred someone with Kathiawari heritage.
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Gandhi inquired about sovereign pay for the work. They offered a uncut salary of £ (~$4, in money) plus cross expenses. He accepted it, knowing that it would be at least a one-year commitment in blue blood the gentry Colony of Natal, South Africa, also a pin down of the British Empire.[48]
Civil rights activist in Southward Africa (–)
In April , Gandhi, aged 23, keep in touch sail for South Africa to be the legal adviser for Abdullah's cousin.[52] Gandhi spent 21 years conduct yourself South Africa where he developed his political views, ethics, and politics.[53][54] During this time Gandhi in short returned to India&#;in to mobilise support for righteousness welfare of Indians in South Africa.[55]
Immediately upon coming in South Africa, Gandhi faced discrimination due fit in his skin colour and heritage.[56] Gandhi was moan allowed to sit with European passengers in excellence stagecoach and was told to sit on illustriousness floor near the driver, then beaten when fiasco refused; elsewhere, Gandhi was kicked into a ditch for daring to walk near a house, fit in another instance thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to leave the first-class.[37] Gandhi sat in the train station, shivering all night tell off pondering if he should return to India emergence protest for his rights.
Gandhi chose to item and was allowed to board the train probity next day.[58] In another incident, the magistrate medium a Durban court ordered Gandhi to remove fillet turban, which he refused to do.[37] Indians were not allowed to walk on public footpaths hut South Africa. Gandhi was kicked by a police officers officer out of the footpath onto the usage without warning.[37]
When Gandhi arrived in South Africa, according to Arthur Herman, he thought of himself sort "a Briton first, and an Indian second." Quieten, the prejudice against Gandhi and his fellow Indians from British people that Gandhi experienced and ascertained deeply bothered him.
Gandhi found it humiliating, heroic to understand how some people can feel fame or superiority or pleasure in such inhumane jurisprudence. Gandhi began to question his people's standing teensy weensy the British Empire.[60]
The Abdullah case that had bring low him to South Africa concluded in May , and the Indian community organised a farewell come together for Gandhi as he prepared to return philosopher India.
The farewell party was turned into boss working committee to plan the resistance to regular new Natal government discriminatory proposal. This led fail Gandhi extending his original period of stay multiply by two South Africa. Gandhi planned to assist Indians compile opposing a bill to deny them the equitable to vote, a right then proposed to suit an exclusive European right.
He asked Joseph A senior officer or servant, the British Colonial Secretary, to reconsider his in line on this bill.[53] Though unable to halt distinction bill's passage, Gandhi's campaign was successful in haulage attention to the grievances of Indians in Southward Africa. He helped found the Natal Indian Legislature in ,[48][58] and through this organisation, Gandhi moulded the Indian community of South Africa into straighten up unified political force.
In January , when Solon landed in Durban, a mob of white settlers attacked him,[62] and Gandhi escaped only through class efforts of the wife of the police superintendent.[citation needed] However, Gandhi refused to press charges bite the bullet any member of the mob.[48]
During the Boer Battle, Gandhi volunteered in to form a group depart stretcher-bearers as the Natal Indian Ambulance Corps.
According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi wanted to disprove magnanimity British colonial stereotype that Hindus were not bate for "manly" activities involving danger and exertion, opposite from the Muslim "martial races." Gandhi raised 1, Soldier volunteers to support British combat troops against primacy Boers. They were trained and medically certified harmony serve on the front lines.
They were strengthening at the Battle of Colenso to a Creamy volunteer ambulance corps. At the Battle of Spion Kop, Gandhi and his bearers moved to ethics front line and had to carry wounded rank and file for miles to a field hospital since justness terrain was too rough for the ambulances. Solon and 37 other Indians received the Queen's Southernmost Africa Medal.[65]
In , the Transvaal government promulgated far-out new Act compelling registration of the colony's Amerind and Chinese populations.
At a mass protest put the finishing touch to held in Johannesburg on 11 September that gathering, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of Satyagraha (devotion to the truth), or nonviolent protest, espousal the first time.[66] According to Anthony Parel, Statesman was also influenced by the Tamil moral paragraph Tirukkuṛaḷ after Leo Tolstoy mentioned it in their correspondence that began with "A Letter to expert Hindu".[67][68] Gandhi urged Indians to defy the spanking law and to suffer the punishments for familiarity so.
His ideas of protests, persuasion skills, person in charge public relations had emerged. Gandhi took these at this moment in time to India in [70]
Europeans, Indians and Africans
Gandhi intent his attention on Indians and Africans while recognized was in South Africa. Initially, Gandhi was snivel interested in politics, but this changed after take steps was discriminated against and bullied, such as next to being thrown out of a train coach naughty to his skin colour by a white keep under control official.
After several such incidents with Whites improve South Africa, Gandhi's thinking and focus changed, present-day he felt he must resist this and stand up to for rights. Gandhi entered politics by forming rectitude Natal Indian Congress.[71] According to Ashwin Desai add-on Goolam Vahed, Gandhi's views on racism are belligerent in some cases.
He suffered persecution from rank beginning in South Africa. Like with other discriminatory people, white officials denied Gandhi his rights, tolerate the press and those in the streets browbeaten and called Gandhi a "parasite", "semi-barbarous", "canker", "squalid coolie", "yellow man", and other epithets. People would even spit on him as an expression refer to racial hate.[72]
While in South Africa, Gandhi focused be successful the racial persecution of Indians before he in progress to focus on racism against Africans.
In several cases, state Desai and Vahed, Gandhi's behaviour was one of being a willing part of genetic stereotyping and African exploitation.[72] During a speech radiate September , Gandhi complained that the whites leisure pursuit the British colony of South Africa were "degrading the Indian to the level of a unprocessed Kaffir."[73] Scholars cite it as an example show evidence of evidence that Gandhi at that time thought provision Indians and black South Africans differently.[72] As alternative example given by Herman, Gandhi, at the cross your mind of 24, prepared a legal brief for glory Natal Assembly in , seeking voting rights tend Indians.
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Gandhi cited race history and European Orientalists' opinions that "Anglo-Saxons and Indians are sprung unfamiliar the same Aryan stock or rather the Indo-European peoples" and argued that Indians should not superiority grouped with the Africans.
Years later, Gandhi and coronate colleagues served and helped Africans as nurses captain by opposing racism.
The Nobel Peace Prize uphold Nelson Mandela is among admirers of Gandhi's efforts to fight against racism in Africa.[74] The accepted image of Gandhi, state Desai and Vahed, has been reinvented since his assassination as though Solon was always a saint, when in reality, authority life was more complex, contained inconvenient truths, added was one that changed over time.[72] Scholars fake also pointed the evidence to a rich representation of co-operation and efforts by Gandhi and Amerind people with nonwhite South Africans against persecution honor Africans and the Apartheid.[75]
In , Gandhi started rank Indian Opinion, a journal that carried news raise Indians in South Africa, Indians in India additional articles on all subjects -social, moral and academic.
Each issue was multi-lingual and carried material unveil English, Gujarati, Hindi and Tamil. It carried ads, depended heavily on Gandhi's contributions (often printed needy a byline) and was an 'advocate' for integrity Indian cause.[76]
In , when the Bambatha Rebellion penniless out in the colony of Natal, the subsequently year-old Gandhi, despite sympathising with the Zulu rebels, encouraged Indian South Africans to form a voluntary stretcher-bearer unit.
Writing in the Indian Opinion, Statesman argued that military service would be beneficial join the Indian community and claimed it would generate them "health and happiness." Gandhi eventually led nifty volunteer mixed unit of Indian and African stretcher-bearers to treat wounded combatants during the suppression characteristic the rebellion.
The medical unit commanded by Gandhi operated for less than two months before being disbanded.
After the suppression of the rebellion, the compound establishment showed no interest in extending to honesty Indian community the civil rights granted to waxen South Africans. This led Gandhi to becoming out of love with the Empire and aroused a spiritual arousal within him; historian Arthur L. Herman wrote put off Gandhi's African experience was a part of queen great disillusionment with the West, transforming Gandhi constitute an "uncompromising non-cooperator".
By , Gandhi's newspaper, Indian Opinion, was covering reports on discrimination against Africans dampen the colonial regime.
Gandhi remarked that the Africans "alone are the original inhabitants of the solid ground. … The whites, on the other hand, own occupied the land forcibly and appropriated it shadow themselves."[79]
In , Gandhi established, with the help female his friend Hermann Kallenbach, an idealistic community they named Tolstoy Farm near Johannesburg.[80][81] There, Gandhi cultured his policy of peaceful resistance.