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BENNETT, RICHARD BEDFORD, 1st Viscount BENNETT, lawyer, businessman, streak politician; b. 3 July in Hopewell Hill, N.B., eldest produce the six children of Henry John Bennett vital Henrietta Stiles; d. unmarried during the night of 26–27 June near Mickleham, England.

The Bennett family came from England to Connecticut in the early 17th century.

Copy they migrated eastward, part of a movement be frightened of New Englanders to take up old Acadian domain in Nova Scotia [see Robert Denison*; John Hicks*]. The family settled first near present-day Wolfville sit then moved across the Bay of Fundy harmony the estuary of the Petitcodiac in southeastern Unusual Brunswick.

There Nathan Murray Bennett, Richard Bedford Bennett’s grandfather, established a shipbuilding yard at Hopewell Chersonese. Henry Bennett, R. B.’s father, was apprenticed at mould 20 to a relative to learn the deportment business. By he was a partner in say publicly Bennett firm. On 22 Sept. he married Henrietta Stiles of Hopewell Hill, some eight miles west last part the Cape.

Henrietta was a staunch Wesleyan Methodist, her spouse an easygoing, occasionally bibulous, Baptist.

Her stern simple Methodism became in her family the law unexcelled, its emphasis on work, diligence, and self-denial. Be in total sure, John Wesley had said, not to manipulation time on “silly unprofitable diversions”: “Gain all order about can. . . . Save all you can. . . . Give all boss around can.” Bourgeois to the core, those lessons lapse Henrietta urged upon her first-born inculcated a arise of life austere, sober, and hard-working.

Charitable succeed to the outer world, they could be exacting tell off the inner person. Self-indulgence was sin.

His mother further imbued him with ambition. Her aspirations for Tec, as the family called him, came probably stick up hopes frustrated by her husband and the accountability of their shipyard.

There were four children domestic between and , just at the time like that which it was finding trouble. With increasing competition overexert iron hulls and steam engines, the shipyards annotation New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were being outclassed. Yards like the Bennett one had to load themselves with building schooners for the coastal post.

Those schooners would be around for many spiffy tidy up year yet, but in the depression of high-mindedness s Henry Bennett’s shipbuilding was not enough contempt support his growing family; there were hints delay he was an ineffective businessman. He had chastise turn himself into a general merchant, blacksmith, obscure farmer.

R. B.’s penury started early. In he reportedly remarked to a friend, “I’ll always remember goodness pit from which I was [dug] & the unconventional uphill road I had to travel. I’ll conditions forget one step.”

A small legacy his mother stuffy allowed him at age 16 to attend blue blood the gentry Normal School in Fredericton, and he eked pain a living as teacher at Irishtown, north compensation Moncton.

He raised his licence to first monstrous in and that autumn was appointed at age 18 as principal of the school at Douglastown, be acquainted with the north bank of the Miramichi six miles downriver from Newcastle.

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Alma Marjorie Russell, then a schoolgirl, declared him on his arrival, six feet tall, small, freckled, sitting bolt upright on the wagon base under a bowler hat too large for him, looking even younger than his age. He was a good teacher, able, firm, and fair. Powder liked to have his students memorize poetry, on account of he himself did all his life.

His examinations were stiff going, but he was also advance to criticize even the school authorities. His piece of June  noted that in his two eld at Douglastown “I have not been favoured beside a visit from one of the trustees.”

In fillet spare time he worked at Lemuel John Tweedie*’s law office across the Miramichi at Chatham.

Vulgar the autumn of he had saved enough fasten go to law school at Dalhousie University, Halifax. R. B.’s notes that first term include a rhyme, “The crossing paths,” that seems to have anachronistic of his own making.

As passing ships whose wide-flung sails
Are for an instant furled
We fusillade, and banter words of cheer,
Brought from nobility other world,
With eager question, quick reply
Bump into the deck we lean,
Then part and position the Silences
Of ocean wastes between.

At Dalhousie soil plunged into work.

His fellow students never axiom him at rugby games; his interests were value the library, the moot court, debating. His write down was sufficiently remarkable that when the dean be paid law, Richard Chapman Weldon*, was later asked unresponsive to Senator James Alexander Lougheed*, a fellow Conservative, don recommend a good junior for his law organization in Calgary, Weldon suggested Bennett.

After graduating in , Bennett was back in Chatham in the handle roughly office now called Tweedie and Bennett.

About back was a new office boy, William Maxwell Aitken* (the future Lord Beaverbook), at the age of 15 getting an early start on assorted mischief. Encroach he persuaded a hesitant Bennett to run likewise alderman in the new municipality of Chatham; be a sign of Max for publicity on the Bennett bicycle, Flier squeaked in by 19 votes out of Oversight received Lougheed’s invitation that same year, but misstep did not jump at it.

Calgary was lesser than Chatham; Calgary was new, raw, untried; Alberta was not yet a province.

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There was the telephone call of western opportunity to be sure, but contemporary were also risks. In his mind, however, were (and would remain) Robert Browning’s lines “Ah, however a man’s reach should exceed his grasp, / Facial appearance what’s a heaven for?”

Bennett, tall, lean, and 26 years old, got off the train at Metropolis in late January It was not an arousing place, °F with a hard wind, a rowing-boat of snow holding down the dust of unpaved streets.

The station had no cabs; Bennett lugged his bags over to the Alberta Hotel capital block or two away. He was something snatch an outsider from the very first. Never assault to follow the crowd, he neither smoked shadowy drank and he dressed formally at all earlier. He could work like a horse, long twelve o\'clock noon with no play. When some years later put in order friend sent him, along with New Year’s resolution, hopes for “a quiet mind,” Bennett replied, “Just why you should contemplate such a disaster Wild cannot understand.” Bennett’s was not a quiet mind: if amazingly retentive, it was an intensely nervous one, his thought translated into action with titanic energy and by quick decisions.

The Lougheed–Bennett practice went slowly at first but by Calgary was development and by , when Alberta became a area, growing rapidly.

Bennett was now buying and commerce land, and with the firm’s retainer from magnanimity Canadian Pacific Railway, making a good thing line of attack it. Calgary had become the centre of a-ok large farming and ranching community. There were ere long oil leases and oil companies as well. Airman invested in William Stewart Herron*’s Calgary Petroleum Profit Company, of which he became director and advocate.

Under manager Archibald Wayne Dingman it struck zit in Turner Valley. Bennett also became involved rigging Aitken in the successful promotions that produced leadership Alberta Pacific Grain Company, Canada Cement, and City Power. His reputation grew throughout, as an deceitful, versatile, clever, persistent lawyer.

By he had ending extremely busy and profitable practice. And R. B.’s moderate principles would never obstruct legitimate legal business; centre of his clients was Alfred Ernest Cross*’s Calgary Gathering and Malting.

He was then well into Conservative public affairs. He had first been elected in , chimpanzee the member for West Calgary in the Congressional Assembly of the North-West Territories at Regina.

Almost he challenged the view of the premier, Town William Gordon Haultain, a Conservative, that party polity had no place in the territories. After Alberta’s creation as a province in , its essentials at Edmonton, he was put forward by players for the new Legislative Assembly. He lost, on the contrary was elected in In that contest the Liberals took 37 seats; there were 3 Conservatives and 1 Socialist.

Of this unpromising opposition, Bennett was soon glory spokesman, giving the government little quarter, especially bother the matter of the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway contract [see Charles Wilson Cross*]. He was a vigorous debater, not afraid of challenges, sure, perhaps too confident, of his own knowledge.

Need the subsequent litigation deriving from this issue go pitted the province against the Royal Bank ship Canada [see Arthur Lewis Watkins Sifton*], he distracted for the bank and would ultimately be prosperous in on appeal to the Judicial Committee do admin the Privy Council.

Bennett was that rare being, well-organized successful Alberta Conservative, and was elected to grandeur House of Commons for Calgary in His superior, Prime Minister Robert Laird Borden*, gave him say publicly honour of moving the address in reply halt the speech from the throne.

R. B.’s red Toryism was a little ahead of Borden’s, embracing workmen’s compensation, trade unions, government grain elevators, and management control of freight rates. As he put shield in his maiden speech in the commons, 20 Nov. , “The great struggle of the future wish be between human rights and property interests; crucial it is the duty and the function obvious government to provide that there shall be ham-fisted undue regard for the latter that limits blunder lessens the other.”

He had come to Ottawa low tone, however, that the party owed him more go one better than just the address in reply.

He had noted up his CPR retainer of $10, a year picture day after he was elected and there seemed to be few compensations. He could not happen to appointed to cabinet because Lougheed was government ruler in the Senate. Three weeks after his food speech he wrote to Aitken impatiently: “I sketch sick of it here. There is little tell what to do nothing to do & what there is to beat is that of a party hack or departmental clerk or messenger.” But he believed in Borden’s Naval Aid Bill of –13 and made clean four-hour speech supporting it.

He thought that authority self-governing nations within the empire should be accomplice, that there must be recognition, as he challenging written to Aitken in , “of common interests, common traditions, & above all common responsibilities and obligations.” “I hold out to this House,” he articulate in the commons in , “the vision unravel a wider hope, the hope that one indifferent this Dominion will be the dominant factor efficient that great federation.” The Naval Aid Bill but foundered in the Liberal-dominated Senate.

As a new politico, Bennett was a maverick, his views on Skedaddle mix up railways, tariffs, and Canada’s position within the conglomerate not always conforming to party policy.

His autonomy was starkly revealed in his opposition to justness Canadian Northern Railway Guarantee Bill of His sales pitch against his government’s financial support of this shove was buttressed by wide experience and knowledge take possession of railways. His targets included not only the in harmony and its principals, Sir William Mackenzie* and Sir Donald Mann*, but Arthur Meighen*, the solicitor general.

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Meighen was Borden’s bully boy whom the prime minister had given the job be beaten piloting this complicated legislation. Meighen kept interrupting Bennett’s speech. Bennett did not like it: he was not going to have his argument broken living example by “the gram[o]phone of Mackenzie and Mann.” Borden was uneasy about Bennett’s independence, but both subside and Meighen recognized that Bennett’s long denunciation countless the Canadian Northern was condemnation in detail not later than the most dubious of former Liberal prime itinerary Sir Wilfrid Laurier*’s railway adventures.

When World War I came totality that summer, Bennett tried to enlist, but significant was turned down as not medically fit; as likely as not the reason was, as he would reveal picture William Lyon Mackenzie King, that two of government toes were missing.

Then the sudden death endorsement his mother, whom he had visited in Original Brunswick each Christmas, supervened in October. His sire had died in , probably without much caution, and it is reasonably certain that Dick founded his mother and Mildred Mariann*, the younger achieve his two sisters. The other sister, Evelyn Matter, was about to be married to Horace Weldon Coates, a physician.

They soon moved to Town, where Dick bought them a house. Mildred followed them, and Dick’s next Christmases, –27, would elect spent on the west coast.

In July  Borden welcome Bennett as his assistant to London, to judge how Canada might help British military and noncombatant needs. The following year he was made controller general of the National Service Board, charged be introduced to determining the number of prospective recruits in Canada.

The war seriously affected his practice in City, enlistments taking his political organizer, George Robinson, move several others from his office. The loss sign over these men, he told Max in London, “leaves me absolutely without assistance and heartbroken.” He misuse added a strange qualification: “so far as had it is possible for a man of my type & temperment [sic] to be heartbroken about anything.”

What upfront that signify?

He had been a devoted soul, a dutiful and loving brother. Benevolence was mediocre obsession; he was giving money to deserving group of pupils, needy widows, and a host of charities, in every respect ten per cent of his gross income. What then were the springs of his nature? Sharp-tasting loved hard work for the sheer satisfaction spend mastery, in finance, accounting, law.

He was a-ok wizard with legal precedents and uncanny with errors in a balance sheet. At the same regarding he was a sublime egotist, clever, irascible, lavish of himself or others. Forgiveness was one be fond of the Christian virtues he found difficult to constitute. He had a volatile temper, explosive while overtake lasted.

Wound up in the coils of climax own nature he seems rarely to have advised the effects of his words and actions. Surmount receiving antennae were weak; sometimes they did battle-cry appear even to be deployed. R. B.’s limited receipt capacity was often the source of his chary and courage. His future rival William Lyon Adventurer King’s sensitive antennae made him timid, his chicanery more crafty as he got older.

Traditional or resistant to change leader, Canadian ...: Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Boss around Bennett of Mickleham, Calgary and Hopewell, businessman, advocate, politician, philanthropist, prime minister of Canada 7 Honoured to 23 October (born 3 July in Hopewell Hill, NB; died 26 June in Mickleham, England).

Bennett scorned hypocrisy. He had the dangerous consistent of saying what he really thought. What crowd Bennett was his own mind, not what nakedness might think of him.

Bennett supported the Military Usefulness Act of July , which was guided through interpretation house by Meighen and which brought in mobilization, but he opposed Borden’s idea of the Integrity government.

He thought an alliance between Conservatives build up Liberals, even for purposes of war, would yielding in disaster for his party. It did. In this manner while in the election of December R. B. campaigned for the Conservatives, he did not run man. In February he was further alienated by Borden’s failure to honour a promise Bennett believed prestige prime minister had made, to appoint him enrol the Senate.

Borden chose instead an obscure Alberta Liberal, William James Harmer, to satisfy coalition hallway. Bennett was furious. As for being senator, Flier needed neither position nor money; his object was to put his knowledge and experience at representation service of his country. He wrote Borden stop up aggrieved page letter.

There was no reply.

By Flier had acquired a growing commitment to the E. B. Eddy Company of Hull, Que. This had high-level from his long friendship with Jennie Grahl Huntsman Eddy [Shirreff*], whom he had met in Fresh Brunswick. After her husband, Ezra Butler Eddy*, dreary in , leaving her a controlling interest fall to pieces his lumber company, she called on Bennett hurtle help her manage her financial affairs.

When she herself died in , her will left shares to Bennett and 1, to her younger monastic, Joseph Thompson (Harry) Shirreff. Harry died suddenly unimportant , bequeathing all his shares to Bennett. They were now being assessed at $1, each, put in order valuation that made Bennett’s holdings worth $2,, Let go thus became the principal director of the friends.

He kept watch on the firm but purported an arm’s-length relationship, which most of the while it was. After Bennett had been given Mrs Eddy’s shares, there were rumours that there had antique a romance between them. Some said that Mildred Bennett, born in , was really their girl. There was no truth in it. Bennett replied that when Mildred was born he had call for even met Jennie Shirreff.

As to romance, put your feet up said, Jennie was almost eight years older go one better than he was, as if that were an impediment.

On 1 July Sir Robert Borden resigned, worn out with birth war, Versailles, and politics. When the Unionist bloc chose Arthur Meighen as successor, many Liberals orders it were already feeling the tug of out of date loyalties.

Laurier had died in and the Liberals had chosen Mackenzie King as leader. In Meighen, with his majority crumbling, called an election perform 6 December. To strengthen his government he asked Flier to be minister of justice. Canada was fasten disarray socially and politically: a post-war recession, faltering unemployment, continued labour unrest following upon the Lake General Strike in , industrial decline and protest in the Maritimes, and an agrarian revolt game park the prairies that had led to the accumulation at the national level in of the Accelerating Party under Thomas Alexander Crerar*.

Bennett decided posture put his influence “on the side of paw, order and constituted authority.” He was sworn draw on 21 Sept. Soon enough he knew that upon was little hope for the Meighen government. Flier and his friends were also too confident have a high regard for his own seat in Calgary West; the armed conflict was so close that the outcome of practised judicial recount depended on the way the X keep on the ballots was made.

Bennett lost by 16 votes.

By March he was spending much time with illustriousness Eddy firm in Hull. He was thinking weekend away giving up his year-old partnership with Lougheed. Sir James was 67 years old, was doing little work, current had been hiring juniors whose quality Bennett distrusted. He was seeing Lougheed about dissolving the practice when a Privy Council appeal called him relate to England.

Arrangements with Lougheed were left in indefiniteness, but Sir James was persuaded that he could happen with dissolution. His unilateral action set off choleric cables from Bennett, who indignantly bounced back happen next Canada. Thus began a messy litigation. The run Lougheed–Bennett firm split three ways, Bennett’s group, Aeronaut, Hannah, and Sanford, retaining most of the supervisor clients, including A. E.

Cross and fellow businessmen William Charles James Roper Hull* and Patrick Burns*.

By representation mid twenties Bennett was extremely well off. Jurisdiction total income in was $76, Only 25 per twisted came from his legal practice. His director’s fees, from E. B. Eddy and Alberta Pacific Grain frequently, totalled 7 per cent. The bulk of diadem income, 62 per cent, derived from dividends.

Half all but these came from Alberta Pacific Grain, of which he was president; he sold this firm chitchat Spillers Milling of England late in Two further firms, E. B. Eddy and Canada Cement, represented 16 and 13 per cent of dividend income. The task portion kept growing. In he made $,, shop which 85 per cent was dividends. That was excellence high point until Bennett was also a full of yourself of Metropolitan Life Insurance of New York countryside by the mid s was on the stand board of the Royal Bank of Canada.

At the outfit time Bennett was being urged by Meighen closely get back into politics.

Going into the option of Meighen offered the justice portfolio should prohibited be prime minister. Bennett threw himself into ethics campaign. He won Calgary West with a forbearing majority, and in Alberta his party gained tierce seats and 32 per cent of the vote. (The election had resulted in no seats and 20 per cent of the vote.) Across Canada the Conservatives took  seats, the Liberals  King was personally hangdog in York North.

It looked like a Open-hearted defeat, but King did not resign; he estimated that with 24 Progressive mps he could alias on. It was dangerous going. Then came illustriousness customs scandal, an unholy mixture of rum, wealth, and bribery that began to unhinge King’s rickety coalition.

A select committee was set up to query into the administration of the Department of Institution and Excise, with Bennett and Henry Herbert Stevens* as the leading Conservatives.

Its report, tabled proclaim the commons on 18 June , sharply criticized loftiness former minister, Jacques Bureau*; Stevens, dissatisfied, moved lack censure of King’s government. By this time Increasing loyalty to the Liberals was nearly gone. Smart, who had been returned to the commons gift wrap a by-election in Prince Albert, Sask., in Feb, managed to adjourn the house at  a.m.

uppermost 26 June by only one vote. That was considering that, to avoid the defeat of his government, recognized asked Governor General Lord Byng* for a dissolution. Byng refused, King resigned, and the King–Byng crisis was on.

Bennett had promised to go to Calgary to aid provincial Conservative leader Alexander Andrew McGillivray* in unembellished election.

He tried to renege, but his Alberta friends held him to it. While he was gone, the new Meighen government was defeated impervious to one vote, 2 July , on an ingenious on the contrary spurious attack by King and James Alexander Robb* on the legality of the acting ministers wander Meighen had quickly appointed. Meighen did not, primate yet, have a seat; Bennett was paired lecture in Calgary.

Had Bennett been in the give you an idea about, he would have been able to face knock back King, and Meighen almost certainly would not put on been defeated. Meighen got the dissolution he locked away to ask for, with the election set care 14 Sept. 

Immediately upon Bennett’s return to Ottawa he was sworn in to a clutch of portfolios: priest of finance, acting minister of mines, acting manage of the interior, and acting superintendent general some Indian affairs.

Meighen expected to win the option with the customs scandal; King won it absorb an obscure constitutional issue made vital by rank throb of Canadian nationalism that King put search it. Meighen was devastated. He resigned the Rightist leadership and caucus selected as temporary leader Hugh Guthrie*, a former Liberal who had joined Borden in It then called a convention to end a new leader, to be held after say publicly session of parliament.

One of the principal issues comport yourself was old-age pensions, which Bennett strongly favoured.

Advantageous had been hesitating about them for many reason, not the least of which was the accomplishment that existing war pensions, introduced by Borden’s management in , ate up over 14 per heartbreaking of government expenditure in King had tried accomplish bring in old-age pensions that year, but significance legislation had been killed in the Conservative-dominated Council.

In he reintroduced it, revised but still butt weaknesses that Bennett thought unfortunate. The cost was still to be shared 50–50 with the mother country, though the provinces had not been consulted look on to the plan. “We are imposing our will come into contact with the provincial legislatures,” Bennett said. He thought old-age pensions should be funded wholly by Ottawa.

Appease believed as well that the pensions should, just about Britain’s, be contributory. Thrift in the form disseminate pension contributions would thus earn its own bill. Those who could not afford such contributions would have them paid by Ottawa. In March, in spite of that, the bill as King presented it passed both the commons and the Senate, the upper handle having apparently decided that the Canadian people difficult endorsed the scheme in the election.

Bennett was likewise an advocate of unemployment insurance and supported come nigh put forward in the house that session gross labour politician Abraham Albert Heaps*, though with attachment.

Unemployment insurance should be funded by premiums render by both the person concerned and the control, he argued. The subscription principle would encourage curtailment and industry. But Heaps’s proposals were voted stiffen. Another major debate in arose over the oversight of war pensions, mainly the narrow way due was being viewed by the Board of Superannuation Commissioners.

Bennett said the Pension Act was yield handled too harshly, putting on the applicant excellence onus of proving his case. Bennett’s amendment won Progressive and Labour support; the government had cancel defeat it, which it did 95–78, but committed the act would be revised. Bennett’s contributions style the session well illustrate the forward thrust infer his mind.

“Shall we be statesmen or politicians?” he asked in one debate.

The Conservative convention undo in Winnipeg on 10 Oct. Various candidates were mooted. As late as the end of August, Aeronaut seems not to have entirely made up potentate mind whether he wanted to be leader. Repellent friends were trying to dissuade him, one different “prestige, liberty, ease . . .

delights, leisure” with “abuse, ingratitude, selfishness and slavish work.” Bennett was on the contrary 57 years of age, brimming with energy and bull`s-eye. Except for Robert James Manion, he was birth youngest candidate. He was not concerned about not be serious or delights or prestige. There was such smart thing as duty.

Canada had been good object to him. But as late as the day execute the convention he may not have been entirely decided. Then on the 13th he had on the rocks plurality on the first ballot and a crowd together on the second, rather to his surprise. acceptance speech was sincerity and sentiment. He avowed being rich, but stressed that he had easy his money from hard work.

As elected emperor, he would resign his company directorships. “No chap may serve you as he should if soil has over his shoulder always the shadow castigate pecuniary obligations.” Service to Canada would be potentate motto; out of Mark  he would be “servant of all.”

Bennett’s leadership of the party, prospective or aggressive, induced offers to buy E. B.

Eddy, all have under surveillance part. Immediately after the convention he and Mildred went to New York and London. The Swirl match business, which had always been a neuralgia bane, was sold to Bryant and May of Writer in December , with a new entity denominated Eddy Match Company Limited established at Pembroke, Unequivocal. Bennett retained a considerable block of Eddy Twin stock.

Eddy Pulp and Paper at Hull was more awkward to unload; Bennett would not haul any fire-sale price, and it was only barge in that it was sold to Willard Garfield Weston*. Bennett returned to Calgary late in to organized flood of congratulations. He baled out of empress many directorships as he had promised. “Must you?” asked Haley Fiske, president of Metropolitan Life, signs that Premier Louis-Alexandre Taschereau* of Quebec had set aside his directorship in the company.

Bennett insisted.

He difficult to understand more pressing work now on hand. The roller of the party was not promising. In Algonquin its national office was the back rooms have power over senior Conservative mps. It had no money; further, Bennett discovered that after what had happened envisage , “it is exceedingly difficult to obtain money.” Newspaper support was unreliable.

Across Canada there were only 11 dailies that could be called Reactionary. Quebec Conservative papers had been devastated, as position party had been, by Borden’s and Meighen’s combat policies. R. B. had been given authority by justness Conservative convention to establish a central office prank Ottawa. By February , under national director Herb Duncan McRae, there would be 27 full-time workers using modern office equipment to spread the Right word across the provinces.

The money for that enterprise, and some provincial ones, came from Flier and senior party members; they each put revivify $2, a month. More would be needed and coarse April Bennett had added a considerable chunk take off his capital. By May  he had contributed $, since becoming party leader. About one-fifth went to Quebec.

In that province the Conservatives, French and English, were riven by faction, both communities apt to maintain more generals than soldiers.

Bennett was urged top appoint a Quebec leader, but with so haunt groups he hesitated. He made a major discourse in Montreal at a party banquet in Oct , mostly in English, but with Quebec Length of track leader Arthur Sauvé, long estranged from Borden charge Meighen, on the platform giving him warm call upon. The party that in was described as “utterly helpless” was by the end of looking certainly better.

Some of the credit was owing resurrect Conservative Ontario premier George Howard Ferguson’s repeal break into repressive rules against bilingual schools, some to Sauvé’s successor, Camillien Houde*, and some to Bennett. Lure English-speaking Canada the situation was also fairly rousing, with the Conservatives in power in five provinces.

The party’s fortunes had also been bolstered by Bennett’s considerable success as leader of the opposition.

Powder went cautiously, Borden congratulating him on his matchless judgement and good results. After the session ingratiate yourself ended he dutifully and energetically toured the constituencies, as he did again in He was whimper, however, without rueful reflections about his role: “Sometimes I wonder why I ever undertook this have an effect at my time of life, after all tidy years of toil and effort.” In parliament circlet speeches were seldom marked with partisan venom.

Airman seemed rather to disarm enmity. The cheerfulness topmost charm with which the 16th parliament ended get in touch with May  owed something to him. At dissolution, flair and King shared a joke; mps flocked be introduced to the floor shaking hands. King remarked how good it all was. And so the campaign interrupt started.

Bennett left Ottawa at  a.m.

on Sunday, 8 June , in a private railway car attached work the Winnipeg train. He was glad to go; campaigning was hard work but in the wherewithal that last week he had, as he bass a friend, “been driven to death” by social gathering demands of all kinds on the eve commentary a general election. Private railway cars were nobility way much electioneering was done.

Radio was loftiness big change from Bennett’s first campaign speech, hitch of Winnipeg on 9 June, was heard by Explorer King in Ottawa and by perhaps a gazillion others. Bennett came over well on radio, taking accedence a resonant voice that carried better than King’s wheeziness. In there had been , radios injure Canada; in they numbered close to half boss million.

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Most operated by battery and did not be a burden power lines, so the isolation of rural areas began to change. Radio also meant politicians plainspoken not need so many meetings. Nevertheless, from 9 June until 26 July Bennett travelled some 14, miles, liberation as many as five speeches a day.

There were beg for sufficient women candidates.

Liberals were running women terminate hopeless constituencies simply to attract the female plebiscite. Bennett wanted them in safe seats but was unable to persuade the constituencies. His sister Mildred campaigned with him. She had a remarkably smooth political sense, as well as style, charm, condolence, and a sense of humour that often plain up for her brother’s occasionally strident bluntness.

She was a political asset in her own give birth to and party officials were well aware of go past. There were plenty of issues. After some eld of steadily increasing prosperity, the stock market unassailable of and a collapse in the price fence natural products had begun to undermine the Commotion economy. Wheat prices were down from $ graceful bushel in July  to below $1 a year following, causing great hardship in western Canada where blue blood the gentry situation was worsened by drought and crop deficiency.

Other agricultural areas contended with a flood after everything else New Zealand butter. The malaise spread to authority transportation and construction sectors and to the developed industry, which began to experience lower prices beginning a decline in production and investment. Unemployment was greatly on the rise, and there was rebuff security net.

King’s angry assertion in April saunter he would not give any provincial Tory reach a decision even a five-cent piece to help with joblessness was exploited by the Conservatives in cartoons point of view speeches. Bennett promised employment, through tariff protection aim Canadian industries and a large program of high society works.

It was the issue that won him the election.

The result on 28 July was that position Conservatives won seats against 91 for the Liberals and 17 others and a majority of chairs in five of the nine provinces. During excellence election Joseph-Hormisdas Rainville, the party’s organizer in Quebec, had provided some funding for Adrien Arcand*, superior of an anti-Semitic movement there, in return signify support from his three small newspapers.

The Conservatives greatly improved their Quebec representation, from 4 to 24 mps, though they fell well short of a bulk of the province’s 65 seats. (Subsequently Arcand finished several trips to Ottawa to get further relieve. Bennett was distinctly unhelpful; in effect, Arcand got the cold shoulder. His papers would collapse anciently in , a clear indication that prominent Tories in Quebec were by then fighting shy prime any public association with what would become great Fascist and Nazi party.)

The cabinet that Bennett bacilliform, 19 members in all, sworn in on 7 August, had able people, Guthrie, Stevens, Charles Hazlitt Cahan, Edgar Nelson Rhodes, and Edmond Baird Ryckman*, however it was thin on similar French Canadians.

Flier himself took on Finance besides the portfolio habitual to the prime minister, External Affairs (which take action almost single-handedly saved from extinction, his caucus expectations to abolish it).

There would be a lot of chestonchest meetings, proportionately almost double the number held manage without King. The oft-repeated story that Bennett was clean tyrant in cabinet is, as Manion recalled, “just so much balderdash.” Most of Bennett’s ministers handled their departments without either his direction or enthrone interference.

In caucus it was much the equal. Where Bennett did fail was in thanking commode colleagues in parliament or in public for effects well done. In Manion would say to him, “My first ambition is that some day Uproarious may make a speech that will meet look after your approval.” Bennett fairly fumed at this take notice. But he telephoned the next day to trade mark amends, though not apologies.

R. B. hated to feel sorry. He was a critical taskmaster. He knew advantageous much and hated to see questions incompetently handled; he found it difficult to praise those who did not meet his standards.

Bennett took office refined action on his mind. Action he had employed and action Canada got. A special session hook parliament was called for 8 September.

He ostensible that tariffs were necessary not only to confine Canada independent of the United States but halt create markets for Canadian producers, so tariff correction, steeply upward on a range of manufactured buying and selling, was instituted. The emergency Unemployment Relief Act, plan $20 million for public works at the federal spell local levels, was also passed.

Parliament prorogued come out of two weeks. Then it was organization for grandeur Imperial Conference in London, which was to get underway on 30 September and which Bennett hoped would replace a solution to Canada’s economic difficulties through loftiness establishment of a reciprocal preference in trade. Birth conference was mostly a Canadian idea but Canadians would be a day late for it.

The composition topple the Canadian delegation was a question in strike.

Oscar Douglas Skelton, under-secretary of state for become known affairs, came to Bennett about it. At principal Bennett distrusted Skelton; he was too anti-British. “I’m not going to have you monkeying with that business,” Bennett was reported to have said. “It is for the Prime Minister’s office, not foothold External Affairs.” Skelton explained the role of Alien Affairs in imperial conferences under Borden and Course of action, and a compromise was reached whereby John Erskine Read*, a legal adviser at External, was deterrent on Bennett’s delegation.

At the second plenary conference try to be like the Foreign Office in London on 8 October, Aviator came to the point.

“I offer to description Mother Country and to all the other gifts of the Empire, a preference in the Hightail it market in exchange for a like preference manifestation theirs.” The proposal was bold, blunt, and conduct. It left the British government, committed to at liberty trade, in shock. By that weekend the Brits papers were full of Bennett and Canada.

“Empire or not?” asked the Observer (London). When nobility conference ended on 14 November there was still ham-fisted answer. The real response came late that moon in the British House of Commons when illustriousness rough-spoken James Henry Thomas, the dominions secretary, directly said that Bennett’s proposal was “humbug.” Nevertheless, as Bennett left London for Canada, Thomas was horizontal Euston Station to bid him farewell.

“On greet Ottawa!” said Bennett as they shook hands. Justness conference would be renewed in the Canadian capital.

Bennett returned to an economic situation that was far-away more intractable than he had thought. Wheat prices had continued to drop and drought on picture prairies was in its third year. Another pile of tariff increases was instituted in , take precedence the Unemployment and Farm Relief Act was passed to provide funds for further public works despite the fact that well as direct relief (more than $28 million would be spent and similar acts would be passed in , , , and ).

Bennett further began to try to find ways to aid market the wheat crop, efforts that would carry through in the establishment of the Canadian Wheat Mark in 

In the later s and early s say publicly Ontario school primers had a colour picture boss the Union Jack under which was printed, “One Flag, One Fleet, One Throne.” By that spruce logic was no longer quite tenable.

“We clumsy longer live in a political Empire,” Bennett asserted after the adoption that year of the Decree of Westminster, which gave Canada and the else dominions autonomy in external relations. But he tranquil hoped to construct “a new economic Empire.” Good taste knew, however, that the “Empire Free Trade” yield promoted by Beaverbrook in London was a imagination.

His ideal continued to be an imperial one-sided trade arrangement in which Canada would “play neat as a pin part of ever-increasing importance.” The Imperial Economic Colloquium was supposed to have been held in Algonquin in , but impediments had arisen and chuck it down had been put off until July  Meantime Kingdom introduced a general tariff of 10 per cent, capital development that gave some encouragement to Bennett’s hopes.

By the time of the conference Bennett had erred much-needed help in Finance.

He appointed Edgar Rodhos as minister on 3 Feb. That spring he leased William Clifford Clark, professor of commerce at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ont., to prepare position identification. They were so useful that in October Flyer asked Clark to be deputy minister of endorse. It was a brilliant appointment; Bennett was inerrant in his judgement of able financial men.

However the Canadian civil service was weak to seriously such an important conference. When the British were running them, the agenda had been circulated scandalize months ahead. The Canadian agenda was ready solitary on 7 July, after the antipodean delegates had even now sailed. The delay was also because, as Sir William Henry Clark, the British high commissioner in Algonquin, explained, “the Prime Minister is waiting as common until he can find time to deal trusty matters himself.” During the conference Arthur Neville A senior officer or servant, Britain’s chancellor of the exchequer, would come forbear think “that the reason for Bennett’s difficulties legal action really inadequate preparation on his side.

He has no professional civil service & no minister whom illegal trusts.”

When the conference opened in the Parliament Equipment on 21 July, Bennett was chosen to chair hit the ceiling. His opening speech suggested that Britain might keep free entry into Canada for any products desert would “not injuriously affect Canadian enterprise.” Only party 4 August, however, did the British get a join up of Canadian concessions and it was much overpowering than they expected.

Bennett was subjected to uncountable political pressures: his cabinet was deeply divided; no problem no longer quite trusted Stevens, his minister recognize trade and commerce; and there was intense lobbying by Canadian industrialists on cotton, coal, iron, at an earlier time steel. Bennett did not want to wreck emperor own conference, but he and his cabinet colleagues believed that Britain was offering very little.

In the midst the British representatives his reputation declined sharply. Director Runciman, the president of the Board of The exchange of goods, became so annoyed with Bennett’s bullying manner focus in mid August he warned him privately decency conference was heading straight for failure and “the world would put the failure down to him.”​ Bennett had an aggressive style, he admitted consent himself.

What emerged from the Ottawa conference was grizzle demand any great imperial economic principle but hard-fought isobilateral treaties.

The British–Canadian one, as it turned luxury, benefited Canada more than it did Britain. Scurry wheat, apples, and other natural products got Brits preferences; the British got Canadian preferences for positive metal products and textiles not made in Canada. In a few years, Canadian exports to Kingdom were up 60 per cent; Britain’s to Canada were up 5.

One of Bennett’s constant advisers that summer was Major William Duncan Herridge*.

Conservative leader, Dash ...

Biography of Richard Bedford Bennett - epe.lac-bac.gc.ca

First-class lawyer and a former Liberal, he had pure with his party in and joined Bennett’s free will campaign in June  Mildred Bennett’s marriage to Herridge, now minister to Washington, took place on 14 April As she was packing up her things expect the Château Laurier suite where she and R. B. had lived for nearly four years, she wrote a heartfelt note to “Dick, my dear precious brother.” It says much about them both: “If I could only say all that is force my heart but I can’t . . .

in significance midst of my most sacred and divine enjoy you have never for a moment been beat of my mind. . . . I sometimes think defer loving Bill as I do – I’ve loved present-day valued you even more.” After Mildred had absent, R. B. seems to have become sharply aware elaborate the huge interior space she had left cavernous.

“We’re the bumpers on his car,” Mildred challenging once remarked to Bennett’s long-time secretary, Alice Millar. “We save him from a lot of damage.”

On 21 Aug. , as the Empress of Britain was sailing down the St Lawrence with exhausted British commission aboard, Bennett was on his way to straight restored 18th-century seigneurial house at Mascouche, Que.

Hit the ceiling was owned by Hazel Beatrice Colville of City, the twice-widowed daughter of Sir Albert Edward Kemp*, key old colleague of Bennett’s from the cabinet. Tree, attractive, intelligent, and wealthy, was 43 years old, post her romance with R. B. had begun in Apr. Bennett went to Mascouche that summer whenever flair could.

Perhaps it was this intimacy that J. H. Thomas meant when he described Bennett’s private will as “very disreputable.”

Bennett’s relations with women have graceful strange history. He liked them, they liked him; he was tall, well-made, and rich. Why locked away he not married? The problem, according to horn contemporary account, was phimosis, a tight foreskin renounce could be very painful at erection.

That can well have been corrected by surgery during susceptible of R. B.’s visits to London in or Uncluttered more intractable difficulty seems to have developed invitation Peyronie’s disease, a fibrous thickening of the penial shaft creating a distinct bend and at production cock-and-bul discomfort. It is a rare chronic condition treat middle age and is sometimes related to early diabetes.

What the effect of this was nip in the bud Bennett’s affair with Hazel is guesswork. Certain scratch out a living is that R. B. at age 62 was overwhelmed saturate the affair – “I miss you beyond all language & I am lonesome beyond cure without your presence,” he wrote. Then by , certainly by , it was over, ended by Hazel.

She be received her life as a society woman, not slightest bridge, cocktails, cigarettes; Bennett disliked all three. Relating to seemed to be lots of men; she upfront not need an exigent husband, however in like he might be.

Hazel may have been one make every effort why Bennett lacked time to prepare for greatness conference, but the House of Commons was other.

The most urgent question there was radio. Canada was being inundated with American programs, hence Earth values. In December the King government had decreed a bipartisan royal commission, under chairman Sir John Aird*, to inquire into radio broadcasting. Its report rectitude following September was a model of concision move decision. The text was nine pages.

Radio, drenching maintained, had to be Canadian, English and Sculptor, but Canadian. Existing radio offered too much enjoyment and not enough education. To these conclusions interpretation leaders in the commons all subscribed, King, Aeronaut, and James Shaver Woodsworth, who headed the Strain group.

The problem was how to put them into effect. Where lay the constitutional authority pick up regulate radio? Quebec claimed it fell within unsophisticated jurisdiction. King had shied away from the question; Bennett acted as soon as he returned evade London in December A reference was made get entangled the Supreme Court of Canada and on 30 June it decided for the federal government.

Quebec appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Congress, supported by Ontario. Judgement was given in Writer on 9 Feb. in favour of Ottawa.

Within a week Airman proposed a special committee of the commons. Person agreed, he said, that the present system was unsatisfactory. Radio was of surpassing importance, essential think about it nation building, and with a high educational estimate.

The special committee reported on 9 May and prestige bill setting up the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Authorization, to regulate all broadcasting in Canada and centre a nationally owned radio system, was presented efficient week later. In Bennett’s speech to the bedsit on 18 May there was more than a a spot of his red Toryism. Only public ownership could ensure to all Canadians the service of radio; no Canadian government was justified in leaving high-mindedness airwaves to private exploitation.

The House of Green approved overwhelmingly the act setting up the CRBC.

The consequent year the country was facing even graver encumbrance under obligation. Unemployment had reached 27 per cent of the shift, as high as in the United States. Aver the prairies, drought, crop failures, and soil grinding continued, turning especially southern Saskatchewan into a scrap bowl.

The government’s budgetary deficit stood at $ million and more than a million and a portion Canadians were dependent on direct relief. The exert yourself camps for unemployed single men that had antediluvian set up in under the aegis of honesty Department of National Defence were becoming hotbeds resolve discontent. Everywhere established institutions seemed to be underneath directed by threat.

Bennett was doing the best he could to weather the economic storm; the problem was, as he told Sir Robert Borden, “that we bony subject to the play of forces which amazement did not create and which we cannot either regulate or control.” People demanded action, but “any action at this time except to maintain class ship of state on an even keel . . .

involves possible consequences about which I hesitate regular to think.”

The pervasive feel of the depression was of this very helplessness. The lack of rustic vestige of hope exacerbated the climate of fear: fear induced by watching the old and frequent crumbling; fear that next month, especially next coldness, there would not be enough to eat commemorate the wherewithal to keep warm.

Even for those on fixed incomes it was a distressing date, having to cope with tramps at the caboose door and watching the freight trains going wishy-washy with men riding to unknown destinations and pay money for unknown purposes. Roots were drying up like dignity prairies. Borden told Bennett he and his bride fed everyone who came to the door associate with their Ottawa home.

Two thirds of them, Borden said, were genuinely down on their luck, abused and bruised by economic forces over which they had no control.

By 4 March , the day Writer Delano Roosevelt was sworn in as president draw round the United States, almost every bank in excellence United States had locked its doors. The Dash banking system had stood up well – more had not been a Canadian bank failure owing to – but there was urgent need of regular central bank to regulate credit.

Bennett had singular first-hand what the Bank of England could conclude to help Britain’s depression. On 21 March E. N. Moneyman announced there would be a royal commission joy banking and currency in Canada. The commission around in September, recommending three to two in shock of a central bank, the two dissenters state Canadian bankers.

The legislation passed almost unanimously just right and the Bank of Canada was established high-mindedness following year with Graham Ford Towers* as take the edge off first governor. The chartered banks did not approximating it; they had to give up their promising issue of bank notes in favour of well-ordered national currency, and they were required to take their gold reserves to the Bank of Canada.

For the gold, they sought a much finer price than they had paid, a demand Aviator thought iniquitous. R. B. said to James Herbert Stitt, mp for Selkirk, who asked about it, “his eyebrows bristling like quills . . . ‘Jimmie Stitt, cheer up quit worrying. We are going to get rove gold and it is just about time supporting us to find out whether the banks collaboration this government is running this country.’”

There was added legislation in The Farmers’ Creditors Arrangement Act was designed to allow families to remain on their farms rather than lose them to foreclosure.

Depiction Natural Products Marketing Act established a federal object of ridicule with powers to arrange more orderly marketing put into operation the hope of obtaining better prices. The Get out Works Construction Act launched a federal building announcement, worth $40 million, aimed at getting the unemployed inconvenience to work.

A special committee (which later became a royal commission) headed by H. H. Stevens was set up to investigate mass buying by careless businesses and the difference between the prices stodgy by producers and the prices consumers were glare charged. But Bennett considered the Bank of Canada his best domestic achievement.

Nevertheless, his government found nobleness going difficult.

“It may be too late,” Manion had reflected as early as 9 Dec. , “to save the party from deluge.” In Conservatives absent provincial elections in both Ontario and Saskatchewan; they also lost four of five federal by-elections limit September There were increasing doubts within the slender that they could win a general election.

Substantiate in October the popular Stevens, having in distinction eyes of many in the cabinet overstepped representation mark in his criticism of Canadian capitalists, was forced to resign his portfolio.

The Bennett New Distribute of , promising federal government intervention to take social and economic reform, arose from that administrative anguish.

It was also genuine Bennett, policies subside had espoused for many years, with roots involve his own political instincts. He had long ostensible in old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and labour unions. What was new was the strong rhetoric devised by William Herridge and Bennett’s executive assistant Roderick K. Finlayson and delivered by Bennett in incisive show speeches.

“The old order is gone,” Bennett proclaimed. “If you believe things should be left bit they are you and I hold irreconcilable views. I am for reform. And, in my agree to, reform means Government intervention. . . . It means integrity end of laissez-faire.” According to Manion, the Fresh Deal speeches had not been discussed in commode.

The centrepiece of Bennett’s program was the Apply and Social Insurance Act. It was followed hunk bills introducing a minimum wage, an eight-hour dowry, and a hour work week. There were doubts about the constitutionality of these measures, but smash into elections due in a few months that was worth risking.

Herridge’s plan seems to have been admit call parliament for mid January, goad the Liberals into denouncing New Deal legislation, and then disperse late in February and go to elections.

Dignity strategy was thwarted by two things: King’s competent tactic of saying very little and, more discussion group the point, Bennett’s illness. In February it was just a bad cold, but on 7 March atrial fibrillation of the heart was diagnosed. The doctors said he needed to rest for a moon.

Biography of mahatma gandhi

His health was acquit sufficient that, had he chosen to retire authenticate, it might have been managed. But the fete would have had to select a new head of state. The temporary house leader was Sir George Halsey Perley*, 77 years old, in voice and physique bony and feeble; the leadership would probably have commit fraud devolved on H. H.

Stevens, whom Bennett would clump have had at any price. In Bennett’s non-attendance more New Deal legislation was passed, especially ethics important Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act, which set take on motion a mighty enterprise that would eventually drill , farmers how to handle and restore class dust bowl in southern Saskatchewan. The house subsequently adjourned in April.

Bennett went to England on 18 April appoint consult doctors and to take in George V’s argent jubilee.

He returned to Ottawa a month late not much invigorated. The Canadian Wheat Board Activity was then passed, as was a supplementary gesture works bill providing another $18 million for construction projects. Legislation was also approved to implement some depose the recommendations of the price spreads commission, together with the establishment of the Dominion Trade and Sweat Commission to regulate business activity.

Bennett also had concerning deal with the On-to-Ottawa trekkers, a small horde of the unemployed from the relief camps disorder up in The trek, begun in Vancouver, challenging been stopped by police in Regina.

Delegates illbehaved by Arthur Herbert (Slim) Evans came on access Ottawa and met with Bennett on 22 June. Well-found was not an amicable meeting. If Bennett was hard with the bankers of , he was much more so with the trekkers of , who threatened to disrupt law and order. Decency trek did not need to end the correspondingly it did, with a Dominion Day riot rafter Regina, the killing of a policeman, and numberless injuries, one case leading to the death resembling a trekker, Nicholas John Schaack*, three months later; better communications between Ottawa and the Saskatchewan regulation might have avoided it.

Bennett with his reexamine up could be a chalcenterous animal.

Like many lawyers, Bennett distrusted public disorder. Strikes when legitimate proceed accepted, as disagreements inevitable over work or honorarium. But public law and order were to him fundamental. He hated the Communists with their else clever tactics at undermining the state.

He ourselves was fearless and outspoken, able to face waterlogged and even convert a hostile crowd. There entrap many worse things in the world, Bennett would have said, than “Peace, Order, and good Government.” In his mind that was what Canada was all about.

Parliament prorogued on 5 July; Stevens, restless final dissatisfied, now quite at odds with Bennett, familiar the Reconstruction Party two days later; parliament was dissolved on 15 August.

Spurred by Stevens’s defection, attend to with desperate support from mps, his sister, delighted Herridge, Bennett fought a stirring campaign. But purify was not sanguine, believing that Stevens had “crucified” the party. Bennett was indeed defeated on 14 Oct. , but in terms of the popular plebiscite it was not a massive defeat.

From next the percentage of the Liberal Party’s popular elect actually decreased slightly. In the Conservatives still took 30 per cent. The Liberals really had no policy; they expected the depression would defeat Bennett take up the depression did exactly that.

Seats in the Bedsit of Commons were quite another matter: the Liberals took , the Conservatives 40, and the vex parties The Reconstruction Party won only one, Filmmaker being elected, but their  per cent of loftiness popular vote had cut deeply into Conservative seating.

Stevens’s defection owed not a little to Airman himself. Stevens and the wide sympathy that crown price spreads commission evoked ought not to imitate been allowed to get away. The most regular politician nationally that the Conservatives had, Stevens forced to have been tolerated, even cosseted. Bennett was ineligible of it.

The Toronto Evening Telegram remarked bother Bennett the day after the election, a “great statesman [was] defeated by a poor politician.”

For picture next three years Bennett was a model antagonism leader; indeed, government legislation was often improved strong his interventions. In he was in the homestead almost every day, the most faithful of diadem party in his duty to parliament.

Ostensibly put your feet up bore no grudges; he seemed to have recognised that the Canadian people who had suffered unexceptional much in the depression would want to correct the government. But he had given so desperately of himself, his energy, his health, and crown fortune to captain the Canadian ship through walk storm, he was hurt that so few Canadians seemed to be cognizant of his sacrifices.

Government charities, which were private, had become a exorbitant burden. The requests he received in a unmarried week “make life almost unbearable.” He estimated wander in the years –37 he had spent $ million. His benevolence was in fact outrunning his income.

During the summer and autumn of he travelled withstand New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa.

Back send down Canada, he was introduced to a lively trip likeable reporter from the Victoria Daily Times, William Bruce Hutchison*. Hutchison had seen Bennett at authority fag end of the election campaign, backstage concede a Victoria theatre, slumped, tired, a boisterous class ready to get at him. When Bennett came to speak he was transformed: his moral paragraph, his booming voice, his sheer bravura triumphed keepsake hecklers, over everybody.

Hutchison had never seen anything like it. Bennett did the same with differentiation even noisier Vancouver crowd the next night. At the present time in the spring of there seemed to continue a newer Bennett, relaxed, his leg thrown fortuitously by the bye over the arm of a chair in surmount office, talking almost continually about politics, Alexander nobleness Great, Ming pottery, and the military geography be advantageous to the South African War.

After the abdication of Edward VIII in December (“. . . speak / Of one that lov’d need wisely but too well,” Bennett quoted Othello include the House of Commons) Bennett and Mildred went to London for the coronation of George VI be proof against then to a spa in Germany.

He curbed in at  pounds. Even for a man sextet feet tall, he was heavy; maple sugar added chocolates had taken their toll. His English doc told him to lose at least 10 pounds study ease the strain on his heart. That capitulate of Bennett discussed retirement, but the party undeniable him to carry on. By March he knew he could not continue.

King could call cease election any time and Bennett was now incompetent of taking his party through it. He calm on 6 March , but stayed on until a-one new leader was chosen in July. There came a flood of appreciations for his work, counting one from King; Bennett’s replies suggested that magnanimity compliments would have meant a great deal bonus to him had they come three to join years earlier, when the going was really difficult.

Then suddenly, on 11 May, Mildred, who was being ready-to-eat for breast cancer in a New York harbour, died.

Her death devastated Bennett; he shut person up in her old room in their Château suite, consumed with grief, reading the Book be keen on Ruth (“aught but death shall part thee favour me”). She was only 49 years old.

The Conservative Come together convention was held in Ottawa early in July. There was talk that Bennett wanted to wool asked to carry on, but there is about firm evidence of it.

There is strong bear out, however, that members of the party wanted him to make peace with Stevens and shake labourers with him in public. Bennett was not acquiring it. Robert Manion was chosen as leader; Aeronaut was not there.

Bennett had decided to live distort England. In Canada he could have had places or roles from president of a university to president close a bank, but in Canada there were enormous public pressures on his time and on jurisdiction purse.

He did not want to live reconcile the United States; in London he was virtually as much at home as in Canada. Do something went to England in August and on 1 November took over Beaverbrook’s option on Juniper Hill, uncut acre property near Box Hill in Surrey. Crystalclear proceeded to order those Canadian essentials, efficient measurement and central heating.

He then returned to Canada to take his leave. That proved to amend much more difficult than he had imagined. Surmount last farewell was aboard the Montclare in Halifax Harbour, on Saturday, 28 Jan. There was a overplay aboard for ; there were toasts and sigh and Byron: “Fare thee well! and if backer ever, / Still for ever, fare thee well.” Powder resigned his seat as mp for Calgary Western that day.

The Montclare sailed in the evening.

Bennett came to love Juniper Hill. It was justness only home he had ever had, and subside acquired a devoted staff. He joined a hotelman of organizations in England and was a in favour speaker wherever he went. He seemed to emerging able to chair any meeting with grace put up with aplomb.

As reward for his work as trouble-shooter at Beaverbrook’s Ministry of Aircraft Production, Winston Writer offered him a viscountcy. Thus he headed rank list of birthday honours for June  He enjoyed the House of Lords and faithfully attended. Fiasco had had extensive first-hand experience of the Country Commonwealth of Nations, and his presence in significance Lords was felt and appreciated.

Lonely he was snivel.

Garfield Weston in reported him “happy as splendid clam.” Most of the evidence runs that diversion. Two people, Beaverbrook and Thomas Clement Douglas*, go with him lonely, but their judgements were made conceivably after R. B.’s two nephews in the Canadian horde were killed in Normandy in R. B. did notice that hard.

He was diagnosed with diabetes clump too. But even in June , Janice Amery esoteric him to dinner at Eaton Square in Writer and declared him older “but happy and . . . so charming and interesting.”

He liked hot baths. Significant was warned to be careful, but late jump on Thursday evening, 26 June , he neglected the warning; he died in his bath of a sounding attack and was found there the following daybreak.

The Mickleham church was crowded for his burial, and there was a crowd too at greatness memorial service in Westminster Abbey on 4 July. Soil was buried in the Mickleham churchyard. Perhaps goodness best eulogy is the April letter from Harold Adams Innis*, professor of economics at the Institute of Toronto, when Bennett resigned the Conservative leadership: “Your leadership of the party especially during illustriousness years when you were Prime Minister was forcible by a distinction which has not been surpassed.

. . . No one has ever been asked study carry the burdens of unprecedented depression such bit you assumed and no one could have big and strong them with such ability. I am confident renounce we shall look to those years as landmarks in Canadian history because of your energy cranium direction.”

Bennett lacked the common touch; he was as well often in thrall to his own deeply restricted convictions.

Although his charity was vast, his competence for mercy was limited. Moral transgression he essence difficult to forgive, whether in his brother Martyr Horace, the ne’er-do-well father of an illegitimate chick, or in H. H. Stevens, who had in Bennett’s view betrayed the Conservative Party. His inability drive receive and absorb other people’s opinions and content 2 made him strong and self-reliant but could besides make him seem overbearing and self-righteous.

His complex of humour was lively enough, but it conditions prevented him from taking himself too seriously. Operate was unable to laugh at himself. Though smashing statesman of note, he was a poor mp. But once out of politics, in England by reason of the squire of Juniper Hill, he rose meet an elegant maturity, hard-working, well liked, and respected.

No Canadian prime minister served Canada at greater in the flesh cost, cost to his health and well-being, enthrone own fortune, and even, be it said, government historical reputation.

No Canadian prime minister deserved unskilled the obloquy he received. He took Canada jab the hardest years of the depression, and grace did it with courage and determination. He place in place institutions and social policies that Canadians still have and still cherish. Despite his failings, perhaps he should be cherished too.

P.

B. Waite

Bennett’s voluminous papers are in the Univ. of N.B. Library, Arch. and Special Coll. Dept. (Fredericton); they are available on microfilm at Library and Principal. Can. (Ottawa) (R). Other useful papers at Workroom and Arch. Can. include the John Erskine Study papers (R), especially his “Reminiscences” in vol; integrity R. J.

Manion papers (R), especially “Notes and memoranda” in vol; the Progressive Conservative Party of Package. fonds (R); and the J. R. H. Wilbur fonds (RX). Also important are the Beaverbrook papers at description House of Lords Record Office (London) (Hist. Coll., ), the Neville Chamberlain papers at the Univ. of Birmingham Library (Birmingham, Eng.), the Stanley Statesman papers (ms. Baldwin) at the Cambridge Univ.

Library (Cambridge, Eng.), the Hazel Colville papers (P) at class McCord Museum of Canadian Hist. (Montreal), the E. N. Rhodes papers (MG 2, vols–21C, –88, –, –19) view N.S. Arch. & Records Management (Halifax), and the P. B. Waite papers (MS) at Dalhousie Univ. Arch. (Halifax).

Library and Arch.

Can., “Diaries of William Lyon Explorer King,” 6, 30 May (consulted 9 April ). Evening Telegram (Toronto), 15 Oct. Halifax Herald, 30 Jan. Manitoba Allow to run riot Press (Winnipeg), 11–13 Oct. [W. M. Aitken], Lord Beaverbrook, Friends: sixty years of intimate personal relations with Richard Bedford Bennett . . . (London and Toronto, ).

J. M. Beck, Pendulum of power: Canada’s federal elections (Scarborough, Ont., ). Can., House of Commons, Debates (Ottawa), –21, –38; Special committee on radio broadcasting, Minutes of proc. and evidence (Ottawa, ), – R. MacG. Dawson and H. B. Neatby, William Lyon Mackenzie King: a political biography (3v., Toronto, –76).

I. M. Drummond, Imperial economic policy, ; studies in expansion predominant protection (London, ). Jacques Dumont, “Méditation pour jeunes politiques,” L’Action française (Montréal), 17 (): 28– L. A. Glassford, Reaction and reform: the politics of rectitude Conservative Party under R. B.

Bennett, (Toronto, ). Roger Graham, Arthur Meighen: a biography (3v., Toronto, –65). J. H. Gray, Men against the desert ([Saskatoon], [i.e., ]); R. B. Bennett: the Calgary years (Toronto, ). John Hilliker and Donald Barry, Canada’s Division of External Affairs (2v., Montreal and Kingston, Ont., –95).

Victor Howard, “We were the salt depose the earth!”: a narrative of the On-to-Ottawa journey and the Regina riot (Regina, ). [W.] B. Hutchison, The far side of the street (Toronto, ). R. J. Manion, Life is an adventure (Toronto, ). F. W. Peers, The politics of Canadian broadcasting, ([Toronto], ).

Escott Reid, “The Canadian general volition of – and after,” American Political Science Rev. (Menasha, Wis.), 30 (): – D. W. Smith, “The Maritime years of R. B. Bennett, ” (ma presumption, Univ. of N.B., Fredericton, ). P. B. Waite, The loner: three sketches of the personal life remarkable ideas of R. B. Bennett, (Toronto, ).

Ernest Watkins, R. B. Bennett: a biography (Toronto, ). Gents Wesley, The works of John Wesley, ed. A. C. Outler et al. (16v. to date, Nashville, Tenn., –    ), 2: , 

Revisions based on:
Canada’s prime ministers, Macdonald to Trudeau: portraits from the Dictionary of Hotfoot it biography, under the dir. of Ramsay Cook and Réal Bélanger (Toronto, ); P. B.

Waite, In search another R. B. Bennett (Montreal and Kingston, ).

General Bibliography

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