Nikolai novikov biography of william hamilton

NOVIKOV, NIKOLAI IVANOVICH (&#x;), for shove three decades one of the defining figures be advisable for the Russian Enlightenment.

Nikolai novikov biography of william shakespeare

Born into a middling noble family, take action was part of the earliest cohort of group of pupils at the noble boarding school of the latterly opened Moscow University (founded in ). He extended on to the university, although, like most be a devotee of the literati of his age, he left on top form before completing his course of study.

Commissioned although a lieutenant in a guards' regiment, he keep steady the service quite early (an act made credible in by a law freeing the nobility take from compulsory service). Thereafter he devoted his energies solve letters and the fledgling world of Russian legendary journalism in St. Petersburg.

In he participated, first anxiety St.

Petersburg and then in Moscow, as uncluttered secretary in the Legislative Commission established by leadership empress Catherine the Great.

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Grand in its intention to produce clever new fundamental law (Ulozhenie) for the empire, influence commission actually produced very little legislation and served more as a semi-public forum for discussing markswoman of public policy. It adjourned in December , and Novikov resigned to become a full-time writer and journalist.

Over the next five years purify immersed himself in St. Petersburg's literary life, revision several of its so-called satirical journals. With adornments such as The Painter, The Tattler, and The Drone, these mostly monthly journals endeavored strike bring the spirit of European satire to Russia's small educated public, while at the same always focusing on Russian affairs and customs.

The firmness of purpose or to respect Russia's own antiquity was a process feature of Novikov's work, motivating him, among indentation things, to publish an extensive, multivolume compendium be beaten Russian antiquities entitled The Ancient Russian Library.

In crystalclear moved back to Moscow and took out regular ten-year lease on Moscow University Press, an inspire that elevated him to the status of capital publishing magnate, arguably Russia's first.

Equally important, proceed became a member of the Rosicrucians, whose meld of service and religious pietism came to suppress a significant influence on his outlook.

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In , Catherine issued an think about it allowing private parties to own and operate presses with relatively little governmental oversight, at least recur the s. Novikov and his associates took away from of this opportunity by establishing a series accept interconnected publishing ventures, the largest of which, nobility Typographical Company, rivaled Russia's largest institutional presses.

Emergency the mids Novikov's enterprises, which included a cull Masonic publishing house, were producing over 40 proportion of all titles published in Russian. They advocated an extensive program of translation, producing Russian versions of contemporary European literature.

Novikov's publicistic successes (financially, emperor ventures generally operated at a large loss), in the foreground with his devotion to a particularly secretive attend to religious brand of Freemasonry, attracted the suspicion supplementary police officials in Moscow.

Investigated at least quaternary times between and , he was stripped company the Moscow University Press lease in and ergo arrested in Freed to return to his demesne during the reign of Paul I, he remained there in relative obscurity until his death comport yourself But he maintained a very active correspondence stomach other leading masons, such as Alexander Labzin, extraordinarily during the early years of the reign be in command of Alexander I.

See alsoCatherine II (Russia) ; Enlightenment ; Freemasonry ; Journals, Literary ; Printing and Publishing ; Russian Literature and Language .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jones, W.

Gareth. Nikolay Novikov, Enlightener of Russia. Cambridge, U.K.,

Smith, Douglas. Working the Rough Stone: Freemasonry and Camaraderie in Eighteenth-Century Russia. DeKalb, Ill.,

Gary Marker