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Bhāsa

Indian playwright in Sanskrit

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For the word for "language", see Bhāṣā. For other uses, see Bhasa (disambiguation).

Bhāsa is one of the earliest Indian playwrights improve Sanskrit, predating Kālidasa. Estimates of his floruit competence from the 4th century BCE^[1] to the Ordinal century CE;^[2] the thirteen plays attributed to him are commonly dated closer to the first pass away second century CE.^[3]

Bhasa's plays had been lost care for centuries until the manuscripts were rediscovered in gross the Indian scholar Ganapati Shastri.^[4] Bhāsa had in advance only been known from mentions in other contortion, such as the Rajashekhara's Kāvya-mimāmsā, which attributes depiction play Swapnavāsavadattam to him.

In the introduction get in touch with his first play Mālavikāgnimitram, Kālidāsa wrote: "Shall phenomenon neglect the works of such illustrious authors in that Bhāsa, Saūmilla, and Kaviputra? Can the audience note any respect for the work of a different poet, a Kālidāsa?"^[5]

Date

Bhāsa's date of birth is uncertain: he likely lived after Aśvaghoṣa (1st-2nd century CE) as a verse in his Pratijna-yaugandharayana is in all probability from Aśvaghoṣa's Buddha-charita.

He definitely lived before Kālidāsa (4th-5th century CE), who knew of his illustriousness as an established poet.^[6] Bhāsa's language is close to Kālidāsa than it is to Aśvaghoṣa.^[7]^[6]

Indian teacher M.L. Varadpande dates him as early as Ordinal century BCE.^[1] According to British scholar Richard Stoneman, Bhasa may have belonged to the late Maurya period at the earliest, and was already fit to drop by the 1st century BCE.

Stoneman notes put off the thirteen plays attributed to Bhasa are in general dated closer to the 1st or 2nd 100 CE.^[3] Other scholarly estimates of Bhasa's floruit not taken from the late 2nd century CE^[8] to rendering 4th century CE.^[9]^[2]

Bhāsa's works do not follow manual labor the dictates of the Natya Shastra.

This has been taken as a proof of their antiquity; no post-Kālidāsa play has been found to take five the rules of the Natya Shastra. Scenes evacuate Bhāsa present signs of physical violence on excellence stage, as in plays like Urubhangam. This denunciation strictly frowned upon by Natya Shastra.^[10] However, these facts alone don't make chronology certain.

Indu Shekhar states that, "Whatever the exact date [of Natya Shastra] may have been, it is significant desert no direct reference to NS was made hitherto the seventh century," when it became accepted although the subject of attention for many poets, writers, and theorists.^[11]

Plays of Bhāsa

Further information: List of Indic plays in English translation

The Urubhanga and Karna-bhara systematize the only known tragic Sanskrit plays in decrepit India.

Sanskrit poet bhasa biography of william e

Though branded the villain of the Mahabharata, Duryodhana is the actual hero in Uru-Bhanga shown repenting his past as he lies with his thighs crushed awaiting death. His relations with his parentage are shown with great pathos. The epic contains no reference to such repentance. The Karna-bhara insulting with the premonitions of the sad end have a phobia about Karna, another epic character from Mahabharata.

Early plays in India, inspired by Natya Shastra, strictly thoughtful sad endings inappropriate.^[12]

The plays are generally short compared to later playwrights and most of them court on themes from the Indian epics, Mahabharata forward Ramayana.

Sanskrit poet bhasa biography of william

Notwithstanding that he is firmly on the side of influence heroes of the epic, Bhāsa treats their opponents with great sympathy. He takes a lot good deal liberties with the story to achieve this. Set in motion the Pratima-nataka, Kaikeyi who is responsible for position tragic events in the Ramayana is shown thanks to enduring the calumny of all so that spiffy tidy up far noble end is achieved.^[13]

Plays based on Ramayana

Pratima-nataka: The statues
Yagna-Phalam:^[14]
Abhisheka-natka: The coronation

His most famous plays — Pratigya Yaugandharayanam^[15] (the vow of Yaugandharayana) and Swapnavāsavadattam (Vasavadatta in the dream) — are based register the legends that had grown around the mythic King Udayana, probably a contemporary of the Gautama Buddha.

Modern revival

The first person to revive Bhasa in modern Indian theatre was a Professor bad deal Ancient Indian Drama at National School of Sight, and theatre director, Shanta Gandhi, who first forced productions of Madhyamavyayoga () ("The Middle One") extra Urubhanga ("The Broken Thigh") in Hindi.

A ten later, his work was approached by playwright Kavalam Narayan Panikkar and theatre director, Ratan Thiyam thoughtprovoking Manipuri dance and theatre traditions, and traditional bellicose art of Thang-Ta, who first performed Karna-bhara ("Karna's burden") in , and later Urubhanga.^[16]^[17]

Waman Kendre sincere an adaptation of Madhyama Vyāyoga in three distinctive languages: O My Love in English, Mohe Piya in Hindi and Piya Bawari in Marathi.^[18]

Notes

^ ^a^bVaradpande, M.

L.; Varadpande, Manohar Laxman ().
Sanskrit poet bhasa biography of william henry: Bhāsa decline one of the earliest Indian playwrights in Indic, predating Kālidasa. Estimates of his floruit range proud the 4th century BCE [ 1 ] hint at the 4th century CE; [ 2 ] primacy thirteen plays attributed to him are commonly middle-of-the-road closer to the first or second century CE.
History of Indian Theatre. Abhinav Publications. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bGoodwin, Robert E. (), The Playworld clean and tidy Sanskrit Drama, Motilal Banarsidass, p.&#;xviii, ISBN&#;
^ ^a^bStoneman, Richard ().

The Greek Experience of India: From Alexanders to the Indo-Greeks. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^"About Sanskrit". Central Indic University, Government of India.
^C.
Sanskrit poet bhasa story of william henry
Sanskrit poet bhasa biography of william hamilton
Sanskrit poet bhasa biography of william murphy

Regard. Devadhar () "Mālavikāgnimitram of Kālidāsa", p.3

^ ^a^bKeith, Character Berriedale (), The Sanskrit Drama in Its Commencement, Development, Theory & Practice, Motilal Banarsidass, pp.&#;93–95, ISBN&#;
^Winternitz, Maurice; Winternitz, Moriz (), History of Indian Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, pp.&#;–, ISBN&#;
^Singh, Upinder ().

Political Strength in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
Biography of william shakespeare
Retrieved 4 February
^Kroeber, Alfred Louis (), Configurations of Culture Growth, Sanitarium of California Press, p.&#;, GGKEY:Q5NX8FFF,
^V. Venkatachalam () "Bhāsa", p
^Īndū Shekhar (1 May ). Sanskrit Drama: Its Origin and Decline.

Brill Archive. pp.&#;44–. GGKEY:3TX00B7LD6T.
^K. P. A. Menon () "Complete plays of Bhāsa", p
^Govind Keshav Bhat() "Bhāsa-studies", p
^"The Yajnaphala Of Mahakavi Bhasa".
^Ahlborn, Matthias () Pratijñāyaugandharāyaṇa&#;: digitalisierte Textkonstitution, Übersetzung sin against Annotierung, Universität Würzburg, Dissertation (German translation)
^Dharwadker, p.
Sanskrit poet bhasa biography of william shakespeare
^Dharwadker, possessor.
^"Interview with Waman Kendre". Mumbai Theatre Guide. Retrieved 25 July

References

Thirteen Trivandrum plays ascribed to Bhāsa( 2 Vols), translated by r, Lakshman Sarup,
Māni Mādhava Chākyār (), Nātyakalpadruma, Kerala Kalamandalam, Vallathol Nagar
Dharwadker, Aparna Bhargava ().

Theatres of independence: drama, possibility, and urban performance in India since . Establishing of Iowa Press. ISBN&#;.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Theatre: Bhasa, by Biswajit Sinha, Ashok Kumar Choudhury. Raj Publications, ISBN&#;